Big Quiz 2 Flashcards
The components of emotion
Subjective feelings, expressions, physiological changes, action tendency & cognition (appraisal)
Action tendency
Behaviors that are associated with emotion
Modal model of emotion
Relevant situations arouse multi-systems responses; the longer the exposure the longer the response (Gross & Thompson)
Steps of modal model of emotion
Situation
Attention
appraisal
Multi-system response
Emotion generative cycle
Situations, attention,apprasial and responses cycle through a feedback loop
Principles of natural selection
Superabundance
Variation
selection
Evolutionary psychology
Study of cognitive mechanisms that have evolved to overcome barriers to survival or reproduction
Principles of evolutionary Psychology I
Input is needed for mechanisms of adaptation to evolve
A callus (adaptation) could not evolve without input (friction)
Jealousy (adaptation) could signal that partner(s) are defecting from the relationship
Principles of evolutionary Psychology II
All psychological mechanisms are shaped by evolution
Example: Superabundance creates competition; variation and trait selection shapes evolution.
Selection is the most important for understanding the context in which traits evolve.
Principles of evolutionary Psychology III
Psychological adaptations are information processing devices: Inputs (adaptive issue)
Decision Rules (potential resolutions)
Outputs (action)
Why did emotions evolve?
To psychologically adapt and cope with issues (input)
Principles of evolutionary Psychology VI
Psychological mechanisms occur in the brain
Principles of evolutionary Psychology V
Psychological adaptations are functional
Example: Darwin; the beaks of finches evolved around their food systems
Results of Monkey Study
- Lab monkeys learned snake fear response from wild monkeys
- Lab monkeys watched wild monkeys respond fearfully to flowers, but didn’t imitate the behavior
- Case point: the object of fear must have a strong innate evolutionary component
Infant + Rat Study
Berridge; rats and infants displayed identical facial expressions to sweet and bitter tastes
Results of Olympic Photo Study
Matsumoto; no differences in expressive displays in blind & sighted athletes
Evidence for Innate Emotions I
Monkeys readily acquired fear responses to evolutionarily-important stimuli
Evidence for Innate Emotions II
Babies make context appropriate emotional expressions
Evidence for Innate Emotions III
Rodents responded to sweet and bitter tastes like human infants
Evidence for Innate Emotions IV
Blind athletes make context appropriate expressions
Are emotions functional and adaptive?
Fill
Darwin’s Principles of Expression
Expressions have functions, opposite expressions have opposite functions, expressions are involuntary
Fear + Disgust Expressions study
Susskind; eyes widen and move quickly, more air is taken in at a faster rate & disgust and fear lead to opposing functions and expression
Emblems
culturally understood actions that translate directly to words
👍🏾“Thumbs up!”
Illustrators
Actions that augment speech; learned during speech acquisitions & frequency of use depends on speaker engagement and energy
Regulators
Actions that regulate the reciprocal nature of conversation
Self-Adapters
Eckman; Nonproductive nervous behaviors to release energy
Displays of Emotion
Facial, vocal, bodily and tactile mechanisms of emotional communication
Facial Expressions Basics
Genuine expressions tend to last longer than disingenuous ones, they involve involuntary muscle movements and parallel displays are observed in other species
Eckman Study summary
Fore Tribesman were presented with photos of different expressions from westerners then were asked to tell emotional stories based on 1-3 expression they interpreted through the images.
Eckman’s 7 Facially Distinctive Emotions
Happiness, fear, anger, sadness, disgust and contempt
FACS
facial action coding system; different expressions have unique combinations of AUs (facial muscular points)
Sentiment Analysis
Technology that quantifies the emotional intent and context of language; dimensional vs discrete models
Prosody
Changes in patterns of tune,rhythm and timbre to convey emotion
Vocal bursts
Brief utterances or fillers between words that have emotional or neutral connotations
Prosody Study
Laukka; international group of participants judged statements of different prosody from each country that conveyed 11 emotions
- participants judged statements from their own country more accurately
Vocal Burst Study
Sauter; English/Himba speaking participants, heard emotional stories. They were played two bursts (one that matched the story, one that did not).
- achievement and pleasure bursts in English were not readily identified by the Himba
- Both groups recognized their languages better (in-group effect)
Vocal Bursts Study II
Cowen; recorded 2000+ bursts across 4 countries of 30 emotional scenarios and 1000+ participants judged them; forced choice and free response (discrete + dimensional)
- created a cool visual map; bursts are bridged by smooth gradients with continuously varying meanings
Tennis Photo Study
Hillel; participants judged separate extreme facial and body expressions to determine the context.
- easier to determine win/loss by body language
- win/loss facial expressions were mostly judged as negative
- ## when reversed (loss face + win body) only the body was considered
Voluntary vs Automatic Emotional Expressions Study
- women with volitional facial paresis struggled to voluntarily make expressions, but their facial smiling reflexes were in-tact when told a joke
- men with emotional facial paresis struggle with reflexive facial expressions but can voluntarily move their facial muscles, can make themselves smile, but expressions are dampened when told a joke. Their emotional experience isn’t effected.
Affective Blindsight
- Trauma to the visual cortex damages the ability to perceive emotional stimulus, but vision is intact
- able to recognize and respond to expressions, but cannot consciously perceive them
Continuous Flash Suppression Study
Lapate (self-report, likability and skin conductance ); goggles displayed visual stimuli to the dominant eye and an emotional expression in the other - unconscious preference for dominant eye view
Neutral Face Component
Participants asked to make judgements about neutral faces through both eyes (how much do you like this face?)
Group B saw expressions through both eyes (can we consciously perceive the facial expressions affecting our behavior? Does our ability to recognize expression affect likability ratings?
Skin Conductance Component
Group A who saw faces had sweaty palms when viewing negative faces, which didn’t affect any changes in likability (able to see them)
Group A who did not see faces also had sweaty palms and likability for the neutral face decreased
- even when faces were not consciously perceived, participants still experienced skin conductance, which was associated with them subsequently rating the neutral faces as less likable; unconscious emotional expression is possible
- emotional expression perception can affect our physiology and attitudes on an unconscious level
Critiques of Universality
- low hanging fruit; we don’t need the face for emotional expression
- force choice over free response model
- ecological validity; do people really make Eckmans prototypical expressions?
Free Choice Results
Rosen & Cohen; trained on Eckman emotion expressions then asked to freely describe emotions of students on campus
- emotions reported were not included in expression prototypes, most common where confusion and amusement (variation)
Incidence of Prototypical Expressions
Summerville; participants rated how often they saw prototypical expressions and consistently saw happy and neutral faces, not the full range
Emotional Expression Accents
Elfbyne; compared prototypes to AU expression recordings of two different ethnic groups in Montreal
- expressions were distinct from the prototypes and each other, suggesting emotional expression accents like language
Exaptation
Existing traits that develop new functions in response to selective pressures
Social Motivations
Attachment, assertion and affiliation
Male Provisioning Hypothesis
Enhanced infant mobility (bipedalism) increased maternal investment and males cared specifically for their own offspring
Antisocial Motivations
Hostility, degradation and destruction of rival groups
