Big Name Conditions

Question 1

Cellulitis - Causative organisms?

Answer 1

Staph Aureus (Gram + cocci)

Strep Pyogenes (Gram + cocci in chains)

Question 2

Treatment for Cellulitis?

Answer 2

Flucloxacilin

Effective against both staph and strep
Beta Lactam
Penicillin
Cell Wall inhibitor.

Question 3

Staph aureus treatment if MRSA?

Answer 3

Vancomycin - Glycopeptide

Question 4

Tonsillitis - Causative Pathogen?

Answer 4

Strep Pyogenes (gram + cocci)

Strep P virulence factors - hyaluronic capsule makes it a poor immunogen
M protein - hijacks respiratory burst of neutrophils.
Streptokinase- breaks down blood clots

Question 5

Sepsis - causative pathogens?

Answer 5

Neisseria Meningiditis (young individual - gram - diplococcus)

Strep Pneumoniae (gram + cocci)

Question 6

Sepsis - Treatment

Answer 6

Neiserria Meningiditis - Ceftriaxone (3rd gen cephalosporin- Beta Lactam, cell wall synthesis inhibitor)

Strep Pneumoniae - Ceftriaxone.

Question 7

UTI - causative organisms?

Answer 7

Ecoli- (gram negative rods, commensal of colon, more frequent in women)

Candida Albicans - vaginal flora commensal.

Question 8

UTI - treatment?

Answer 8

Ecoli - Trimetrophin - Folic Acid inhibitor.

Candida Albicans - topical nystatin or clotrimazole.
IV Flucanozole if severe
Systemic - Amphotericin B

Question 9

Perotinitis?

Answer 9

E. Coli.

Give old Trimethropim again, and you guessed it - folic acid synthesis inhibitor.

Question 10

Pneumonia?

Answer 10

Streptococcus Pneumoniae - gram positive cocci. Polysaccharide capsule is a serious virulence factor.

Treatment:

Mild: Amoxicillin(Doxycycline if penicillin allergy)
Moderate: Amoxicillin (beta lactam) and Doxycycline (tetracycline) - Doxycycline only if penicillin allergy)
Severe - Co-amoxiclav and Doxycycline

All cell wall synthesis inhibitors.

Question 11

What about Pneumonia from Haemophillus Influenzae?

Answer 11

Haemophilus Influenzae - gram neg coccobacili, encapsulated and nasopharyngeal commensal in some.

Treatment: co-amoxiclav, breaks down b-Lactamase produced by H. influenzae so penicillin can act. Cell wall synthesis inhibition.

Question 12

Diarrhoea?

Answer 12

C. Diff - gram positive rod. Anaerobe. Associated with antiobiotic usage.

Question 13

C. Diff virulence factors?

Answer 13

Toxin A (enterotoxin) - inflammation and build up of fluid in bowel - Diarrhoea.
Toxin B (cytotoxin) - disrupts protein synthesis and disrupts cytoskeleton.

Question 14

C. Diff treatment?

Answer 14

Metronidazole (anti bacterial and anti Protozoa)- mild cases.
Vancomycin (glycopeptides)- serious cases.

Question 15

Aortic Valve Stenosis?

Answer 15

Viridans Streptococci
Gram + cocci in chains.
Treat using IV penicillin. Gentamicin - aminoglycoside - broad spectrum.

Question 16

Malaria.

Answer 16

Plasmodium Falciparum.

Treat using Quinine - blocks parasite DNA replication.

Doxycycline - blocks translation in bacteria through binding to 30s ribosome.

Question 17

HIV treatment?

Answer 17

HAART

2 x nucleoside inhibitors.

Plus 1 x non nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor)

Or protease/ integrase inhibitor.

Question 18

Hep C treatment?

Answer 18

Ribovarin and interferon - 8-12 weeks treatment.

Question 19

Neisseria Men virulence factors

Answer 19

Lipopolysaccharide.

Question 20

Staph epidermidis- virulence

Answer 20

Forms a slime - very difficult to remove

Also - gram + cocci grape like

Question 21

Haemophillus Influenzae?

Answer 21

Nasopharyngeal commensal is disease free people sometimes
Opportunistic.

Treat with amoxicillin - beta Lactam - cell wall inhibitor

Gram neg coccobacili
Treat with amoxicillin.

Question 22

Salmonella Typhi

Answer 22

Gram neg bacilli

Cause typhoid or enteric fever

Treat with cephalosporins

Question 23

Legionella Pneumophilia

Answer 23

Gram neg bacilli

Treat with clarithomycin (macrolide)

Legionnaire’s disease

Question 24

Varicella Zoster

Answer 24

Chicken pox

LATENT IN DORSAL ROOT GANGLIA

reappears as shingles on a single dermatome

Treat with Acyclovir

Question 25

Norovirus

Answer 25

Winter vomiting bug

Single stranded RNA

Fecal oral route