Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BIO 311D Big Idea 3 > Big Idea 3 > Flashcards

Big Idea 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Homeostasis

A

maintaining a relatively constant internal environment in the presence of changing external conditions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Negative Feedback Loop

A

when the response opposes the stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Positive Feedback Loop

A

when the response further enhances the stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Thermoregulation

A

how animals maintain an internal temperature within an acceptable range

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Endothermic

A

generates heat internally

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Exothermic

A

gains most of their heat from the external environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Radiation

A

heat transfer from a warmer object to a cooler one via infrared

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Evaporation

A

vaporization of water from a surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Conduction

A

heat transfer between two objects by direct contact

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Convection

A

heat transfer through movement of air or liquid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Vasodilation

A

widening of superficial blood vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Vasoconstriction

A

decrease in diameter of superficial blood vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Countercurrent Exchange

A

transfer of heat between fluids flowing in opposite directions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Hormone

A

released by cells of the endocrine system; travel in the bloodstream

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Neurotransmitter

A

act on other neurons, muscles, or glands; travels very short distances across a synapse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Neurohormones

A

released by neurosecretory cells and travel in the bloodstream

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Steroid Hormone

A

derived from cholesterol (e.g., testosterone, estrogen, aldosterone, etc.); must bind to carrier proteins because they are hydrophobic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Peptide/Amine Hormone

A

derived from amino acids (e.g., melatonin, dopamine, antidiuretic hormone (ADH), etc.); travels directly within the bloodstream because they are hydrophilic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Hormone Cascade

A

hormones target endocrine tissues that release different hormones in response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Insulin

A

helps your body turn food into energy and controls your blood sugar levels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Glucagon

A

a hormone that your pancreas makes to help regulate your blood glucose levels; increases blood sugar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Mechanical Digestion

A

breaks food down into smaller pieces, increasing surface area (chewing, grinding, stomach churning, peristalsis in the intestines)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Chemical Digestion

A

cleaves large molecules into smaller molecules (enzymatic hydrolysis); stomach acid, saliva, and enzymes in the stomach and intestines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Perstalisis

A

alternating waves of contraction and relaxation in the smooth muscles lining the alimentary canal that push food along the canal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Microbiome

A

the collection of microorganisms living in or on an organism’s body, along with their genetic material

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Osmosis

A

the movement of water across a semipermeable membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Isoosmotic

A

equal solutes on both sides, no net water movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Hypoosmotic

A

lower solute than the other side, water moves out

29
Q

Hyperosmotic

A

higher solute than the other side, water moves in

30
Q

Nephron

A

part of kidney that filters, reabsorbs, secretes, and excretes liquid waste

31
Q

Arteries

A

carry blood from the heart to the organs; away from heart

32
Q

Veins

A

carry blood from the organs to the heart; towards the heart

33
Q

Capillaries

A

thin-walled vessels; networks (beds) infiltrate each organ

34
Q

Atria

A

receive blood entering the heart

35
Q

Ventricles

A

pump blood out of the heart

36
Q

Pulmonary Circuit

A

oxygen-poor blood moves from the heart to capillary beds in gas exchange tissues (lungs) (reptiles and mammals)

37
Q

Systemic Circuit

A

oxygen-rich blood moves from the heart to the organs

38
Q

Semilunar Valves

A

each of a pair of valves in the heart. at the bases of the aorta and the pulmonary artery consisting of three cusps or flaps which prevent the flow of blood back into the heart

39
Q

Atrioventricular Valves

A

these valves separate the atria from the ventricles on each side of the heart and prevent backflow from the ventricles into the atria during systole

40
Q

Aerobic Respiration

A

C6H1206 + 6O2 yields 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy; oxygen needs to be taken in from the environment and carbon dioxide needs to be emitted into the environment

41
Q

Partial Pressure

A

the pressure exerted by a particular gas in a mixture of gases

42
Q

Alveoli

A

where gas exchange occurs in the longs

43
Q

Hemoglobin

A

a red protein responsible for transporting oxygen in the blood of vertebrates

44
Q

Cooperative Binding

A

when one subunit binds to O2, all other bind O2 readily; when one subunit unloads O2, all other unload O2 more readily

45
Q

Photosynthesis

A

Light + 6CO2 +6H20 yields C6H12O6 +6O2 ; provides building materials for bodies, generates oxygen in our atmosphere, provides food for heterotrophs

46
Q

Chloroplast

A

location of photosynthesis

47
Q

Mesophyll Cell

A

cells that contain chloroplasts

48
Q

Stomata

A

controls gas and water exchange with the environment

49
Q

Guard Cells

A

balance water conservation with gas exchange for photosynthesis

50
Q

Turgid

51
Q

Flaccid

52
Q

Photorespiration

A

Rubisco interacts with O2, produces CO2 without making any glucose and wastes ATP

53
Q

C3 Plants

A

these plants use the Calvin Cycle in the dark reaction of photosynthesis; most plants

54
Q

C4 Plants

A

plants that have spatial separation of organic acid incorporation and Calvin cycle

55
Q

CAM Plants

A

plants that have temporal separation of organic acid incorporation and Calvin cycle

56
Q

Rubisco

A

the most abundant protein on the planet; an enzyme that catalyzes the reaction that fixes carbon dioxide into the Calvin cycle

57
Q

Bundle-Sheath Cells

A

a leaf cell type that forms a tightly packed layer surrounding the veins; one of the most significant features that makes photosynthesis more efficient in C4 plants

58
Q

PEP Carboxylase

A

interacts with CO2; binds CO2 better than Rubisco

59
Q

Nitrogen Fixation

A

bacterial species can transform environmental nitrogen into usable forms for plants (e.g., NH4+ and NO3)

60
Q

Mycorrhizae

A

mutualistic association of roots and fungi

61
Q

Apoplast

A

everything external to the plasma membrane of a plant cell, including cell walls, intercellular spaces, and the space within dead structures such as xylem vessels and trachieds

62
Q

Symplast

A

in plants, the continuum of cytoplasm connected by plasmodesmata between cells

63
Q

Water Potential

A

the physical property predicting the direction in which water will flow, governed by solute concentration and applied pressure

64
Q

Xylem

A

vascular plant tissue consisting mainly of tubular dead cells that conduct most of the water and minerals upward from the roots to the rest of the plant

65
Q

Phloem

A

vascular plant tissue consisting of living cells arranged into elongated tubes that transport sugar and other organic nutrients throughout the plant

66
Q

Transpiration

A

the evaporative loss of water from a plant

67
Q

Cohesion

A

the attraction of molecules for molecules of the same kind

68
Q

Adhesion

A

the binding of a cell to another cell or a cell to a surface

BIO 311D Big Idea 3 (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions