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BIO 311D Big Idea 3 > Big Idea 3 > Flashcards

Big Idea 3 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Homeostasis

A

maintaining a relatively constant internal environment in the presence of changing external conditions

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2
Q

Negative Feedback Loop

A

when the response opposes the stimulus

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3
Q

Positive Feedback Loop

A

when the response further enhances the stimulus

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4
Q

Thermoregulation

A

how animals maintain an internal temperature within an acceptable range

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5
Q

Endothermic

A

generates heat internally

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6
Q

Exothermic

A

gains most of their heat from the external environment

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7
Q

Radiation

A

heat transfer from a warmer object to a cooler one via infrared

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8
Q

Evaporation

A

vaporization of water from a surface

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9
Q

Conduction

A

heat transfer between two objects by direct contact

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10
Q

Convection

A

heat transfer through movement of air or liquid

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11
Q

Vasodilation

A

widening of superficial blood vessels

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12
Q

Vasoconstriction

A

decrease in diameter of superficial blood vessels

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13
Q

Countercurrent Exchange

A

transfer of heat between fluids flowing in opposite directions

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14
Q

Hormone

A

released by cells of the endocrine system; travel in the bloodstream

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15
Q

Neurotransmitter

A

act on other neurons, muscles, or glands; travels very short distances across a synapse

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16
Q

Neurohormones

A

released by neurosecretory cells and travel in the bloodstream

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17
Q

Steroid Hormone

A

derived from cholesterol (e.g., testosterone, estrogen, aldosterone, etc.); must bind to carrier proteins because they are hydrophobic

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18
Q

Peptide/Amine Hormone

A

derived from amino acids (e.g., melatonin, dopamine, antidiuretic hormone (ADH), etc.); travels directly within the bloodstream because they are hydrophilic

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19
Q

Hormone Cascade

A

hormones target endocrine tissues that release different hormones in response

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20
Q

Insulin

A

helps your body turn food into energy and controls your blood sugar levels

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21
Q

Glucagon

A

a hormone that your pancreas makes to help regulate your blood glucose levels; increases blood sugar

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22
Q

Mechanical Digestion

A

breaks food down into smaller pieces, increasing surface area (chewing, grinding, stomach churning, peristalsis in the intestines)

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23
Q

Chemical Digestion

A

cleaves large molecules into smaller molecules (enzymatic hydrolysis); stomach acid, saliva, and enzymes in the stomach and intestines

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24
Q

Perstalisis

A

alternating waves of contraction and relaxation in the smooth muscles lining the alimentary canal that push food along the canal

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25
Q

Microbiome

A

the collection of microorganisms living in or on an organism’s body, along with their genetic material

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26
Q

Osmosis

A

the movement of water across a semipermeable membrane

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27
Q

Isoosmotic

A

equal solutes on both sides, no net water movement

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28
Q

Hypoosmotic

A

lower solute than the other side, water moves out

29
Q

Hyperosmotic

A

higher solute than the other side, water moves in

30
Q

Nephron

A

part of kidney that filters, reabsorbs, secretes, and excretes liquid waste

31
Q

Arteries

A

carry blood from the heart to the organs; away from heart

32
Q

Veins

A

carry blood from the organs to the heart; towards the heart

33
Q

Capillaries

A

thin-walled vessels; networks (beds) infiltrate each organ

34
Q

Atria

A

receive blood entering the heart

35
Q

Ventricles

A

pump blood out of the heart

36
Q

Pulmonary Circuit

A

oxygen-poor blood moves from the heart to capillary beds in gas exchange tissues (lungs) (reptiles and mammals)

37
Q

Systemic Circuit

A

oxygen-rich blood moves from the heart to the organs

38
Q

Semilunar Valves

A

each of a pair of valves in the heart. at the bases of the aorta and the pulmonary artery consisting of three cusps or flaps which prevent the flow of blood back into the heart

39
Q

Atrioventricular Valves

A

these valves separate the atria from the ventricles on each side of the heart and prevent backflow from the ventricles into the atria during systole

40
Q

Aerobic Respiration

A

C6H1206 + 6O2 yields 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy; oxygen needs to be taken in from the environment and carbon dioxide needs to be emitted into the environment

41
Q

Partial Pressure

A

the pressure exerted by a particular gas in a mixture of gases

42
Q

Alveoli

A

where gas exchange occurs in the longs

43
Q

Hemoglobin

A

a red protein responsible for transporting oxygen in the blood of vertebrates

44
Q

Cooperative Binding

A

when one subunit binds to O2, all other bind O2 readily; when one subunit unloads O2, all other unload O2 more readily

45
Q

Photosynthesis

A

Light + 6CO2 +6H20 yields C6H12O6 +6O2 ; provides building materials for bodies, generates oxygen in our atmosphere, provides food for heterotrophs

46
Q

Chloroplast

A

location of photosynthesis

47
Q

Mesophyll Cell

A

cells that contain chloroplasts

48
Q

Stomata

A

controls gas and water exchange with the environment

49
Q

Guard Cells

A

balance water conservation with gas exchange for photosynthesis

50
Q

Turgid

A

swollen

51
Q

Flaccid

A

limp

52
Q

Photorespiration

A

Rubisco interacts with O2, produces CO2 without making any glucose and wastes ATP

53
Q

C3 Plants

A

these plants use the Calvin Cycle in the dark reaction of photosynthesis; most plants

54
Q

C4 Plants

A

plants that have spatial separation of organic acid incorporation and Calvin cycle

55
Q

CAM Plants

A

plants that have temporal separation of organic acid incorporation and Calvin cycle

56
Q

Rubisco

A

the most abundant protein on the planet; an enzyme that catalyzes the reaction that fixes carbon dioxide into the Calvin cycle

57
Q

Bundle-Sheath Cells

A

a leaf cell type that forms a tightly packed layer surrounding the veins; one of the most significant features that makes photosynthesis more efficient in C4 plants

58
Q

PEP Carboxylase

A

interacts with CO2; binds CO2 better than Rubisco

59
Q

Nitrogen Fixation

A

bacterial species can transform environmental nitrogen into usable forms for plants (e.g., NH4+ and NO3)

60
Q

Mycorrhizae

A

mutualistic association of roots and fungi

61
Q

Apoplast

A

everything external to the plasma membrane of a plant cell, including cell walls, intercellular spaces, and the space within dead structures such as xylem vessels and trachieds

62
Q

Symplast

A

in plants, the continuum of cytoplasm connected by plasmodesmata between cells

63
Q

Water Potential

A

the physical property predicting the direction in which water will flow, governed by solute concentration and applied pressure

64
Q

Xylem

A

vascular plant tissue consisting mainly of tubular dead cells that conduct most of the water and minerals upward from the roots to the rest of the plant

65
Q

Phloem

A

vascular plant tissue consisting of living cells arranged into elongated tubes that transport sugar and other organic nutrients throughout the plant

66
Q

Transpiration

A

the evaporative loss of water from a plant

67
Q

Cohesion

A

the attraction of molecules for molecules of the same kind

68
Q

Adhesion

A

the binding of a cell to another cell or a cell to a surface

BIO 311D Big Idea 3 (1 decks)

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