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CU: Bible and the Gospel > Bibliography > Flashcards

Bibliography Flashcards

1
Q

What is revelation?

A

God sharing big news: the ways God does so

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2
Q

What is the Hebrew word gala?

A

to uncover, to remove, to open

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3
Q

What is the Greek word apokalupto?

A

to disclose what was previously unknown

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4
Q

What is the Greek word phaneroo?

A

to publish what is hidden, to make visible

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5
Q

What is the definition of revelation according to gala, apokalupto, and phaneroo?

A

The unveiling of God’s truth about Himself to humans
God’s communication about Himself to humans

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6
Q

What is general revelation?

A

Revelation to all people (extensive) at all times (continual)
No one can miss this
Psalm 19:1-6 Continual declaration of creation
Acts 14:15-17 God’s witness is nature
Acts 17:22-31 Revealed in nature
Romans 1:18-32 God made His attributes apparent to people through nature
Romans 2:12-26 Our conscious is the law of God in our heart

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7
Q

What is special revelation?

A

Given by God to specific people at particular times

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8
Q

How is special revelation given?

A

Signs and miracles (John 20:30-31) The clusters are: Moses, Elijah & Elisha, Jesus, Early Apostles
Bible
Christ: Ultimate special revelation (John 1:18, Hebrews 1:1-3)

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9
Q

Why is revelation necessary?

A
  1. God is incomprehensible (we are finite)
  2. The Fallen nature of humans
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10
Q

What is the difference between Christianity and most religions?

A

Religion is the study of how man seeks God whereas Christianity is revelation–God speaking to humans

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11
Q

Why is revelation rejected?

A

Descarts (Enlightenment) Human reason is sufficient - we don’t need revelation
Postmodernism there is no objective truth, only individual perspectives - No objective revelation

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12
Q

What are the general cultural definitions of integration?

A

1) Sociology: bring diverse social groups together
2) Psychology: one’s whole personality working together
3) Math/engineer: calculus, derivatives

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13
Q

What is the Cedarville understanding of integration?

A

Integration of facts into the big picture of truth
Integration of faith (theology), learning (academics), life (individuals, groups, culture)

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14
Q

What are the understandings of truth?

A
  1. Consensus - of individuals at certain times
  2. Dogma - belief firmly held by person or group
  3. Perspective - individual or group “our truth”
  4. Qualitatively - 2 + 2 = 4
  5. Bible
  6. Sym total of knowledge known to the all-knowing God (Doesn’t increase or decrease)
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15
Q

What are the Key Epistemological questions?

A

How does what we learn in the Bible relate to what God knows?
How does Bible Study relate with other academic disciplines?
What can be known and how?

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16
Q

What are the four different models of the Bible and truth?

A

Non evangelicals: Secular - Bible not relevant to truth, errancy - Some truth in Bible and some error.
Evangelicals: Bible is the truth (nothing else is true), Bible is within truth (the larger circle of what God knows)

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17
Q

What is the scriptural evidence of the relationship between the bible and truth?

A

Psalm 19:1-6 the physical word declares the glory of God
John 20:30-31; 21:24-25 Jesus did and said lots of things not recorded in the Bible
Deuteronomy 29:29 God has revealed some things and there are things He is keeping secret
Job 26:14 All we can know are the fringes of God’s ways
Prov 6:6-11, 1 Kings 4:29-34 Observe the ant and his ways, Solomon did that and wrote proverbs not recorded in the Bible

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18
Q

What is an alternative model of truth?

A

A large circle representing all that God knows
Within that three over lapping circles: two small–one for the Bible one for Jesus–and a medium circle that is increasing representing knowledge.
The rest of the large circle is mystery

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19
Q

What are the problems of integration?

A

1) Finiteness: God has not made everything known in the Bible
2) Fragmentation: truth is rarely put together, they’re often individual pieces
3) Fallenness: sinful nature makes it foolishness

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20
Q

What are the principles of integration?

A
  1. Seriously considers what God has made known both in the Bible and outside of the Bible
  2. Uses critical thinking to scrutinize all truth claims - are they coherent with what God has made known in the Bible
  3. Articulates how the pieces of truth link together
  4. Resists the temptation to tamper with the pieces to make truth claims fit with the Bible when they do not
  5. Respects and examines tradition that has been received, but it also dares to probe the mysteries of God’s truth
  6. Humbly refuses to go beyond the evidence - it is willing to say that it does not know
  7. Values the whole above the parts - the big picture of God’s truth more than the specialized disciplines of human knowledge
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21
Q

What is inspiration?

A

The process by which God superintended human writers in order to secure an infallible record of his revelation

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22
Q

What does 2 Timothy 3:16 reveal about inspiration?

A

All books are God-inspired, that does not mean that they have an inspiring effect
-They are God’s breath in essence
-Scripture is inspired not the authors

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23
Q

What does 2 Peter 1:21 reveal about inspiration?

A

Men were moved by the Holy Spirit and spoke from God

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24
Q

What is the difference between inspiration and dictation?

A

dictation is passive while superintendence is looser. Superintendence is why all the books of the Bible do not sound identical.

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25
Q

What does Ecclesiastes 12:9-10 reveal about inspiration?

A

pondered- the writer had active thought
searched out- investigation & research
arranged
Delightful work- polished so beautiful
Wrote correctly- proof read

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26
Q

What does Luke 1:1-4 reveal about inspiration?

A

people have handed down accounts, Luke used written sources, interviewed witnesses, investigated, organized, checked his work

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27
Q

What does Matthew 1:22 reveal about inspiration?

A

by the LORD through the prophet
(prophets would often speak and then say thus says the LORD: both were speaking)

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28
Q

What does Genesis 2:24 and Matthew 19 reveal about inspiration?

A

Narrator speaks and Jesus says that God says
When the Bible speaks, God speaks

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29
Q

What are the two aspects to determine how far inspiration extends?

A

Verbal inspiration - microscopic sense and plenary inspiration - telescopic sense

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30
Q

What are the aspects of verbal inspiration?

A

The Bible is inspired down to
Matthew 22 - the words
Galatians 3:16 - the morphemes
Matthew 5:18 - the tiniest words and the distinguishing strokes

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31
Q

What are the aspects of plenary inspiration?

A

-All of the Bible is inspired
-Includes what the Bible says of theology, history, science
-Extends plenary to all of Bible without exception

32
Q

What is a short answer to “to say that the Bible is God’s Word, because it says it is, is a circular argument”?

A

Subjective: The Holy Spirit that inspired the word also guides us to all truth
Objective: Testimony of fulfilled prophecy

33
Q

What is a short answer to “we don’t have the original manuscripts, so it makes no sense to even talk about inspiration”?

A

Textual criticism that is done on human works is done on the Bible so we now can be 99.9% sure of what the original manuscripts were and any uncertainties do not effect the major doctrines

34
Q

What is a short answer to “The Bible is full of contradictions, so it cannot be God’s word”?

A

Over history scholars scoff at the Bible then archeology backs the Bible up
Archeology and history they cannot determine that the Bible is true but they both corroborate with what the Bible says

35
Q

What is a short answer to “It is not necessary for the Bible to be inspirited in matters of history and science, but only in matters of faith and practice”?

A

If the Bible is not trustworthy in verifiable matters, why would we trust it in unverifiable matters?

36
Q

What is a short answer to “The Bible contains the Word of God as God encounters humans through it. The Bible becomes inspiration only when it is responded to by faith in the reader; by itself it is only potentially a word from God”?

A

2 Timothy 3:16 it is the word of God whether you acknowledge it or not

37
Q

What are the four positions about inerrancy?

A

Errant position, partially errant position, preservationist inerrant position, and non-preservationist inerrant position

38
Q

What is the errant position?

A

The Bible contains genuine errors (in the autographs)
- Original Manuscripts: are erroneous because humans were in involved in writing it, they hold to rationalism (human reason decides what is truth/error: miracles indicate mistakes)
- Present editions: Have original errors and scribal errors through reception history
- Biblical critique: Humans were actively involved under the Holy Spirit implies that the autographs were inerrant

39
Q

What is the Partially Errant Position?

A

The Bible contains some kinds of genuine errors
-Original manuscripts: no doctrinal errors, errors in nondoctrinal matters (history, science, geography) no problem because it is not intended to be a textbook. Use “infallibility” it does not fail to accomplish God’s purpose although there are errors
-Present editions: scribal errors through reception history
-Biblical critique: 2 Timothy 3:16 (plenary inspiration) all scripture inerrant, also this view assumes a clear line between doctrine and non-doctrine that is not always so
(flood: historical, scientific, and theological Resurrection: historical and theological)

40
Q

What is the preservationist inerrant position?

A

-Original manuscripts: No errancy because it is inspired by the Spirit down to the details. Human writer were miraculously superintended by the Spirit in all they wrote
-Present editions: No scribal errors, Psalm 119:89
-Biblical Critique: OM: verbal, plenary inspiration implies inerrancy in autograph. PE: where does the Bible teach the inerrant preservation throughout reception history?

41
Q

What is the non-preservationist inerrant position?

A

-Original manuscripts: No errancy because it is inspired by the Spirit down to the details. Human writer were miraculously superintended by the Spirit in all they wrote
-Present editions: Despite scholarly precautions, there have been scribal errors in reception history because it was humanly transmitted and translated, scribal errors can be reconciled through textual criticism and relating accounts
-Biblical Critique: OM: verbal, plenary inspiration implies inerrancy in autograph. PE: works honestly with the data of reception history

42
Q

What is the problem of bias against miracles with biblical inerrancy?

A

The errancy positions start with the assumption of rationality and sometimes things just don’t make sense
-The story of Jonah was a miracle confirmed as literal by Jesus

43
Q

What is the problem of non-verifiable data with biblical inerrancy?

A

There are somethings that cannot be replicated (such as the resurrection of Jesus, which is the whole point)
-Faith depends on us believing God at His word (at creation He is the eyewitness that tells us how it happened)

44
Q

What is the problem of alleged discrepancies with biblical inerrancy?

A

(some say if there are errors we cannot trust the Bible)
- somethings do not line up, parallel accounts with different details
- begin with the assumption that they can be harmonized these are partial accounts
-Remember that we do not have enough evidence to say for sure that it had to happen a certain way but that it is a plausible explanation

45
Q

What is the problem of apparent scribal errors with biblical inerrancy?

A

Things from reception history
1 Sam 6:19 - 50,070 men died though this does not make sense so some have changed it to 70
1 Sam 13:1 - did Saul live thirty years or one year before he reigned?

46
Q

What is the problem of Kethib-Qere readings with biblical inerrancy?

A

“what is written and what is read”
Psa 29:9 - two interpretations
Scribe took consonants from one option and vowels from another and combined it into an impossible word that could not have been in the manuscript

47
Q

When someone asks if the Bible has errors, what do you say?

A

Ask what kind of errors they are asking about - those in the manuscripts or in present editions

48
Q

What texts do we have for the Old Testament?

A

Masoretic test, Dead Sea Scrolls, Cairo Geniza, Samaritan Pentateuch, Septuagint, Targums

49
Q

What is the Masoretic test?

A

The standard in the field
Produced by Jewish scribes “Masoretes” in 500-900 AD
- Took available Hebrew manuscripts, sifted, and decided most likely
- at times uncertain use Kethib-Qere reading

50
Q

What are the Dead Sea Scrolls?

A

Discovered in 1947 boy chuck rocks into cave
Manuscripts from 1st century AD
Compare with Masoretic text: very close (high confidence in MT, differences: show wisdom of Kethib-Qere readings)

51
Q

What is the Cairo Geniza?

A

Capital of Egypt storeroom
-take down old synagog 300 fragments
some predate Masoretic Text

52
Q

What is the Samaritan Pentaeuch?

A

400 BC took Pentateuch and change to allow for worship practices
Not strong piece of evidence but some similarities

53
Q

What is the Septuagint?

A

200 BC Children began speaking Greek so translate Hebrew to Greek NT often cite Septuagint when cite OT

54
Q

What is the Targums?

A

300-500 AD writing of Rabbi’s quote and refer to scripture

55
Q

What is the OT textual criticism procedure?

A

Some rely on Masoretic Text
Others modify Masoretic Text if there is a pattern of evidence that agrees against the Masoretic Text (not often)

56
Q

What manuscripts do we have of the New Testament?

A

Earliest: fragments from 1st and 2nd century (may have been copied from manuscripts)
4th/5th centuries: 3 nearly complete manuscripts
6,000+ hand written Greek manuscripts (650 Illiad) NO 2 are perfectly identical

57
Q

What are the three of the four major text families? (texttypes)

A

(Families of text that resemble each other)
Alexandrian: Alexandria Egypt: strong Hebrew and Chrisitan community
Western: Rome
Byzantine: Byzantium –> Constantenople –> Istanbul

58
Q

What is the progression of the Byzantine texttypes?

A

Lucian Recision developed standardized text
- Copied extensively by Byzantine
- 16th Cen Erasmus took Greek Texts and made a standard published as Textus Receptus and used for KJV

59
Q

What are the two solutions for New Testament textual criticism?

A

Majority Text View and Critical Text View

60
Q

What is the Majority Text View?

A

Fact: Greatest number of texts are in Byzantine texttype
Position: God has preserved the best text in the most manuscripts (implication)
Evaluation:
1) all manuscripts unique
2) “majority text” is a composite
3) the rate of copying changes based on leisure and luxury (greatest in Byzantine rather than Alexandria/Rome)
4) Rate of preservation: more preservation closer to present (when do you count what was the majority?)

61
Q

What is the Critical Text View?

A

Procedure:
1) Take all variants: list with supporting evidence (where & what time)
2) Look at all external evidence: Date (early is better) and distribution (broad better than narrow) primary
3) Internal evidence: style and vocabulary of author
4) What would this author have most likely said (last thing)

62
Q

What is the four step process to get the Bibles we have today?

A

1) Textual criticism
2) Textual base
3) Translation theory
4) Present version

63
Q

What are the four factors affecting the quality of the Bible version?

A

1) Textual base
-OT: Masoretic text (+ minor modifications from newer discoveries)
-NT: Majority Text or Critical Text
2) Translation theory: how has that textual base been brought into current language
3) Quality of the translator: good/bad, solo/team
4) Language level and vocabulary stock: who is the reader- does it need to be simpler or more complex?

64
Q

What is the translation number line?

A

There is a range from literal to free with three main sections
1) Literal
2) Dynamic Equivalence
3) Free

65
Q

What is the literal translation approach?

A

Description: Stays as closely as possible to precise words/grammar of original language (the word is the unit for translation)
Benefits: Minimizes interpretation: good to study the Bible with, all translations have some degree of interpretation
Problems: Word order: too literal translation does not get the message across, idioms that do not translate well.

66
Q

What is the free translation approach?

A

Description: Paraphrases the ideas of the author in the concept of the receptor language
Benefits: Very understandable translation
Problems; Reproduces only the general sense not the specific details – Problem because inspiration goes down to the details
- Sometimes translator tries to improve on the author (ie replace intentional repitition with variety)

67
Q

What is the dynamic equivalence approach?

A

Description: The attempt to translate words, idioms, and grammatical constructions of the original language into precise equivalents in the receptor language
Benefits: Trying to balance accuracy and relevance
Problems: It sound great in theory but may be hard to pull off- must assume translator knows original and receptor language very well

68
Q

What are the classification of common Bible versions?

A

Masoretic Text (OT)
A) Majority Text (NT)
-Literal: Interlinear
-Free: amplified
-Dynamic Equivalence: KJV, NKJV

B) Critical Text (NT)
-L: NASB, ESV, CSB, Net, RSV
-F: NLT/LB, Message
-DE: NIV

69
Q

What is “Canon”?

A

From the Greek Kanon used as a standard for measurement (what books measure up to being the word of God)
Official list of authoritative writing whose teachings are binding upon Chrisitans

70
Q

What are the problems of Canonicity?

A
  1. The Apocrypha (set of books placed between testaments) are they in or out?
  2. Was the canon closed with the book of revelation?
    (Gospel of Thomas/Judas, Book of Mormon, Prophetic statements)
71
Q

What is the significance of the problems of canonicity?

A
  1. Determines what is binding upon Christians (responsible to know/do)
  2. Determines the final authority (Bible or the Church)
  3. Clarifies the character of those who claim to be prophets of additional scripture
72
Q

What are the arguments for including the apocrypha in the Bible?

A
  1. Included in some Septuagint manuscripts (Jesus/apostles quote Septuagint, affirming the Septuagint therefore affirming apocrypha)
  2. Some Church Fathers quote from them (Church leaders of 2-5th century, against: just because quote from them does not mean they are scripture)
  3. Recognized by the Council of Trent
    (Against: Sought support for purgatory & power play)
73
Q

What are the arguments for excluding the apocrypha?

A
  1. Early Jewish Sources–Jubilees, Josephus, Esdras, Babylonian Talmud
    - All list current OT no apocrypha
  2. Dead Sea Scrolls: quote from all OT but one, no apocrypha but one
  3. NT quotes: never apocrypha, sometimes works never considered 4 bible, all but 4 OT books
  4. Josephus: no canonical book since Malachi (Apocrypha came after Malachi)
  5. Philo: Quote law and prophets, not apocrypha
  6. Jerome: Translate Hebrew/Greek to Latin, reject canonicity of apocrypha
  7. Septuagint manuscripts contain different apocryphal and psudoepigraphical books
    -Inclusion different for each Septuagint manuscript may indicate wanted to use all of a scroll so added beneficial information after the scriptures
74
Q

What are the arguments concerning closing of the canon in the first century?

A
  1. Geographical range of the NT led to uneven consensus on the canon (unlike OT, NT was spread out)
  2. 2 Peter 3:15-16 equate Paul’s letters with scripture, 1 Timothy 5:18 equate Luke with Deuteronomy as scripture
  3. Diatessarum of Tation (AD 170) harmony of four gospels
  4. Muratorian Canon (AD 170) include nearly whole NT except some at end maybe because written to more isolated areas
  5. Eusebius (AD 315) presents four lists - 1) Universally considered canonical 2) Books admitted by the majority (James, 2 Pet, 2&3 John, Jude) 1&2 include all & only NT books
    3) Spurious books: some people want to include but we should not 4) Heretical & Absurd books - never considered for Bible
  6. Consensus by the end of the 4th century. Athanasius: 27, Jerone, Councils of Hippo & Carthage
  7. Key Consideration: apostolic origin or connection of the book (12 disciples, specially called, very close to apostle, 1/2 brother of Jesus)
75
Q

What is the Key Principle of Canonicity?

A
  • It is the Human recognition that certain books are indeed the Scriptures that God inspired
  • The Church has never determined the canon; it only recognizes the canon – inspiration is the only criterion of canonicity

CU: Bible and the Gospel (4 decks)

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