BIBL 104 Ch 3-8 Flashcards
1
Q
Old Testament Has How Many Books
A
39 books and is 3/4 of the Bible
2
Q
Written By
A
Numerous authors from Moses to Malachi over a period of a thousand years and lays the foundations for:
- Biblical History
- Theology
- Morality
3
Q
Terms that find their roots in the old Testament
A
- Covenant
- Law
- Grace
- Baptism
- Prophet
- Priest
- King
4
Q
Concepts born before New Testament
A
- Justice
- Forgiveness
- Redemption
- Salvation
- Sanctification
5
Q
1st 5 books of Torah
A
- Genesis: The Beginning
- Exodus: Exit From Egypt
- Leviticus: Way of Holiness
- Numbers: Wilderness Journey
- Deuteronomy: Covenant Renewal
6
Q
Pentateuch
A
- Name of the first five books aka Torah
- Tell the story of God’s dealings with both human and Hebrew race
- Trace the actions of God in history from Genesis to death of Moses
- Source of theological truth
- Ethical behavior that laid the foundation for western civilization.
7
Q
Torah Means
A
Hebrew word for law or teaching
8
Q
The Book of Torah
A
- The first five books of the Bible
- Tells the story of God’s dealings with the human and Hebrew race.
- Trace the actions of God in history from creations to the death of Moses.
- Source of theological truth, biblical morality and ethical behavior that laid the foundation for western civilization.
9
Q
Hebrew Bible divided into 3 sections
A
- Law/Torah
- Prophets/Nevi’im
- Writings/Ketuvim
10
Q
English Bible divided into 5 sections
A
- Pentateuch: Genesis-Deuteronomy
- History: Joshua-Esther
- Poetry: Job-Songs
- Major Prophets: Isaiah-Daniel
- Minor Prophets: Hosea-Malachi
11
Q
Documentary Hypothesis
A
- Julius Wellhausen (1876-83)
- Argued anonymous editors compiled the Pentateuch long after Moses.
- OT consisted of 4 Documents:
- J (Yahwist, 850 BC)
- E (Elohist, 750 BC)
- D (Deuteronomist, 621 BC)
- P (Priestly Code, 525 BC)
12
Q
Evidence against Documentary Hypothesis
A
- First, contradicted the traditional view of Jews and the early church.
- Pentateuch declares Moses as author
- Rest of OT presupposes Mosaic authorship
- NT designates Moses as author of Pentateuch
- Pentateuch reflects thematic literacy unity that implies single author
- Author writes as an eye witness to much of the Pentateuch’s content, not possible for writer long after events.
- Writer demonstrates a familiarity with Egyptian culture and geography, unlikely a later Judean author.
- Built on unfounded speculations and assumptions.
- No archaeological or extra-biblical truth that these documents ever existed.
13
Q
The Book of Joshua
A
Opens with leading the tribes of Israel to cross the Jordan River and enter the Promise Lands
14
Q
The Book of Judges
A
Serves as a transition from the success of conquest to the difficulties of the settlement of the tribes.
15
Q
The Book of Samuel, Kings and Chronicles
A
Trace the history of the Kings of Israel through the stages of unity, division, and collapse resulting in the deportation of Israel Into Assyrian and Judah and Babylonian captivity.
16
Q
The Book of Ezra, Nehemiah and Esther
A
- The story of Israel’s survival after the exile.
- Ezra and Nehemiah: record the account of the Jews who returned to Jerusalem after the Babylonian deportation.
- Esther: tells the story of the survival and protection of the Jews of Dispora, who did not return home but remained dispersed throughout the Persian Empire.
17
Q
Deuteronomistic History/Theology
A
Josh 10:1-15 - Miraculous Events i.e. the sun standing still.
Judg(es) 15:15 - Exaggerated emphasis i.e. Sampson’s exploits.
Judg(es) 8:10 - large numbers i.e. Gideon’s Foes
Judg(es) 11:26 - Accuracy of dates i.e. 300 years from the conquest to Jephthah
The final form of these books
Reinforce theology of book of Deut.
Determining theological ideology of the history of Israel.
18
Q
Israel’s History
A
1405-1390 BC : Conquest of Canaan (Joshua)
1390-1050 BC: Settlement of the Tribes (Judges)
1050-1010 BC: Kingship of Saul (1 Samuel)
1010-970 BC: Kingship of David (2 Samuel)
970-931 BC: Kingship of Solomon (1 Kings 1-11)
931-586 BC: Kings of Israel and Judah (Kings and Chronicles)
605-535 BC: Babylonian Captivity (Kings and Chronicles)
486-464 BC: Dispersion of the Jews (Esther)
458-430 BC: Return from Exile
19
Q
The Historical Books Cover
A
Cover a period of nearly a thousand years from Joshua’s conquest of Canaan (c. 1405 BC) until the Persian period in the days of Ezra and Nehemiah (c. 430 BC)
20
Q
Themes of Historical Books
A
Revolve around God’s activity in calling, choosing, punishing, redeeming, and using the nation of Israel as His covenant people to accomplish His global purposes.
21
Q
Books about the Covenant Promises of God
A
Joshua: The Conquest Judges: The Struggle Ruth: Ray of Hope 1-2 Samuel: Kings and Prophets 1-2 Kings: Kings of Israel and Judah 1-2 Chronicles: Priestly Perspective Ezra: Rebuilding the Temple Nehemiah: Rebuilding the Wall Esther: Rescuing the People
22
Q
Poetic Books By Name
A
Job: Questions of Suffering Psalms: Songs of Praise and Lament Proverbs: Words of Wisdom Ecclesiastes: Meaning of Life Song of Songs: Songs of Love
23
Q
Purposes of Hebrew Poetry
A
- To express emotion—Poetry is intended to appeal to the emotions, to evoke feelings rather than propositional thinking, and to stimulate a response on the part of the reader. While it certainly challenges us to think, it does so by eliciting an emotional response. Poetry is the language of the soul, and thus, the Hebrew poems still speak to us today and resonate with the deepest issues of the human heart.
- To facilitate worship—Poetry is easy to memorize and put to music and often took on the role of lyrical expression in the psalms. Many of the psalms were sung in relation to specific worship services at the temple, and poetic books were read in connection with specific religious festivals:
Passover: Song of Songs, Hallel Psalms Weeks/Pentecost: Ruth, Hallel Psalms Feast of Ab: Lamentations Hanukah: Psalm 30 Tabernacles: Ecclesiastes, Hallel Psalms
- To instruct in wisdom—Hebrew wisdom literature is a certain kind of poetic literature used to instruct young people in the ways of wisdom. Hebrew wisdom tends to be practical and was meant to be applied to the many aspects of everyday secular life. While wisdom dealt with the practical, it did not leave out the recognition of God in the daily affairs of life. Hebrew wisdom teaches the reader not only how to live a good life but also how to live a godly life.
24
Q
Characteristics of Hebrew Poetry
A
- Figurative language—Hebrew poetry is rich in its use of figurative language. Common figures of speech include simile, metaphor, metonymy, personification, anthropomorphism, and hyperbole.
- Parallelism—Parallelism is the practice of balancing one thought or phrase with a corresponding thought or phrase containing approximately the same number of words or a correspondence of ideas. There are three basic types of parallelism:
- Synonymous parallelism—The second line expresses the same thought as the first line, though with different but similar words.
- Antithetical parallelism—The second line expresses a thought that is in contrast to the first line.
- Synthetic parallelism—The second line completes the thought of the first line in some way.
Forms of wisdom poetry expressions include: proverbs, riddles (Judg 14:13-14), parables (Judg 9:7-15), analogies (Prov 27:17), and songs (Pss 34:11; 119:72). Within wisdom literature two distinct types may be found in the Old Testament: (1) didactic, the teaching of practical themes for successful living, and (2) skeptical, or philosophical inquiry into the meaning of life (Ecclesiastes), the purpose of pain (Job), or the search for true love (Song of Songs).
25
Major Prophets in English Bible
```
Include the books of:
Isaiah
Jeremiah
Ezekiel
Daniel
Jeremiah’s poetic Lamentations.
```
```
Isaiah: God Is with Us
Jeremiah: The Babylonians Are Coming
Lamentations: Jerusalem Is Burning
Ezekiel: The Glory Will Return
Daniel: The Messiah Will Come
```
26
Minor Prophets
Three of the Minor Prophets (twenty-seven chapters in the English Bible) are focused on the northern kingdom of Israel (capital, Samaria):
Hosea: God’s Unquenchable Love
Amos: God’s Ultimate Justice
Jonah: God’s Universal Concern
Six of the Minor Prophets (twenty chapters in the English Bible) are focused on the southern kingdom (capital, Jerusalem):
```
Joel: Day of the Lord
Obadiah: Doom of Edom
Micah: Divine Lawsuit
Nahum: Destruction of Nineveh
Habakkuk: Destruction of Babylon
Zephaniah: Disaster Is Imminent
```
The last three Minor Prophets (twenty chapters in the English Bible) are focused on the Jewish exiles who have returned from Babylon to rebuild the temple and reestablish Jerusalem. They form the final link to the messianic prophecies, which are fulfilled in Jesus in the New Testament:
Haggai: Rebuild the Temple
Zechariah: Restore the King
Malachi: Repent of Sin
27
Larger Themes of Minor Prophets
Hosea–Micah focused on the sin of covenant breaking; Nahum–Zephaniah emphasized the approaching judgment of the Day of the Lord; and Haggai–Malachi promised the reversal of judgment and the future glory of Israel,
28
The Beginning
Genesis is book of beginnings.
| Of human and Hebrew beginnings.
29
Jacob had___sons
12 who would become the 12 tribes of Israel.
30
Genesis Author
Traditionally was deemed Moses until 18th century,
While Moses probably used sources like ancient patriarchal family records (Gen 5:1), he was the ultimate author, compiler, and editor of the Genesis record.
31
4 Great Patriarchs
Abraham: 2166-1991 BC
Isaac: 2066-1886 BC
Jacob: 2006-1859 BC
Joseph: 1916-1806 BC
32
Toledoth, “the records of”
I.Primeval History (1:1-11:9)
A.Creation (1:1-2:25)
B.Fall (3:1-5:32)
C.Flood (6:1-9:29)
D.Nations (10:1-11:9)
II.Patriarchal History (11:10-50:26)
A.Abraham (11:10-25:11)
B.Isaac (25:12-26:35)
C.Jacob (27:1-36:43)
D.Joseph (37:1-50:26)
33
Abrahamic covenant
which gave Israel a right to the land (Gen 15:18-21)
| Land, seed, blessing.
34
proto-evangelium
After pronouncing the penalty for their sin, God provided for their redemption by predicting their ultimate salvation by the “seed” of the woman who would “crush” the head of the serpent (3:15 NIV)
35
Noahic covenant
Gods promise to never flood the earth again.
36
Mount Moriah
Where God tested Abraham's faith by requesting he sacrifice his son, Abraham passed by proceeding to go through with it but was stopped by an angel of the Lord. God then provided a ram to be sacrificed instead.
37
Isaac had two sons
Jacob and Esau.
38
Abrahamic covenant reconfirmed to
Isaac with God’s promises of personal blessing and protection
39
Exodus
Story of Israelites' exit from bondage in Egypt
40
Non-biblical artifacts that speak of Moses and his authorship of the OT
- Dead sea scrolls
| - Babylonian Talmund
41
Pharaoh of Oppression
Thutmose III (1504-1450 BC)
42
Pharaoh of the Exodus
Ramesses II (1304-1237 BC)
43
The Merneptah Stele (c. 1220 BC) (early date argument of Exodus)
refers to “Israel” as an already established people in the land in the record of Ramesses II’s son.
44
First Kings 6:1 States
the exodus occurred 480 years prior to King Solomon’s fourth year (966 BC), dating the exodus in 1446 BC.
45
Judg 11:26 states
Jephthah claimed Israel had occupied Canaan for 300 years,puts the date of the exodus between 1446 and 1400 BC.
46
The Amarna Tablets (c. 1400 BC)
Refer to a period of chaos in Canaan, which would equate with the Israelite conquest.
47
The Dream Stele of Thutmose IV
indicates he was not the firstborn legal heir to the throne, the eldest son having died.
48
Late Date Argument of Exodus:
- The biblical data is reinterpreted as symbolic (480 years = 12 generations) or exaggerated generalizations (Jephthah’s 300 years)
- No extrabiblical references to “Israel” exist prior to the Merneptah Stele (c. 1220 BC)
- Archaeological evidence seems to be lacking for a fifteenth-century BC conquest at some archaeological sites.
- The Israelites helped build the cities of Pithom and Rameses (Exod 1:11), which were completed by Ramesses II.
- Overlapping judgeships may account for tabulating a shorter period of time for the conquest, settlement, and Judges era.
49
Weaknesses of late date view
It totally discards any literal reading of the biblical chronology in favor of highly debatable and inconclusive archaeological data.
50
Possible dates of Exodus
Assuming Mosaic authorship and the early date of the exodus, one could date the writing of the book anytime between the two years after the exodus (1444 BC) and Moses’ death (1406 BC)
51
Theories on Route of Exodus
Northern
Central
Southern
52
Northern Theory
Places Mount Sinai in the northwestern area of the Sinai.
53
Central Theory
Places Mount Sinai in Arabia (at Jabel-Al Lawz), beyond the gulf of Aqaba, east of the Sinai Peninsula.
54
Southern Theory
Places Mount Sinai near the southern tip of the Sinai Peninsula.
55
Moses' Life in 3 40 Year Time Periods
1. the period from his birth to his rearing as a prince of Egypt (Acts 7:13).
2. the time he spent in Midian as a shepherd (Exod 7:7)
3. the time he spent as leader of the people in the exodus and wilderness journeys (Acts 7:36)
56
Exodus from Egyptian Bondage (1-18:27)
A.Redemption (1:1-12:30)
B.Liberation (12:31-15:21)
C.Preservation (15:22-18:27)
57
Instruction for the Redeemed Nation (19:1-40:38)
A.Offer of the Covenant (19:1-25)
B.Covenant Text (20:1-23:33)
C.Covenant Ratification Ceremony (24:1-18)
D.Tabernacle of Worship (25:1-40:38)
58
Mosaic Covenant
Guidance on how to live the sanctified life, how this newly redeemed nation was to conduct itself toward God, toward one another, and toward the rest of the world. offered the nation the opportunity to be the vessel through which God would transmit His redemptive purposes to the rest of mankind.
59
Mount Sinai
Where God held council with Moses to give The Ten Commandments
60
10 Commandments, Responsibilities to God
1.“No other gods” vs. polytheism
2.“Do not make an idol” vs. idolatry
3.“Do not misuse the name” vs. profanity
4.“Remember the Sabbath” vs. secularism
61
10 Commandments, Responsibilities to Man
5.“Honor your father and mother” vs. rebellion
6.“Do not murder” vs. murder
7.“Do not commit adultery” vs. adultery
8.“Do not steal” vs. theft
9.“False testimony” vs. lying
10.“Do not covet” vs. materialism
62
Construction of the Tabernacle
Or “tent of meeting” represented how God was to dwell among His people and how the nation would fellowship with God.
63
The ark of the covenant and mercy seat
represented His presence
64
The Table of Bread
represented His provision
65
The Lamp Stand
Represented His guidance
66
The Veil
Barrier between Holy God and sinful man
67
The Bronze Altar
Atoning work of sacrifice
68
The Laver
Physical and spiritual cleansing
69
The Single Doorway
One way into God's presence
70
The Altar of Incense
Importance of worship and prayer
71
Leviticus
Way of Holiness
72
Lev 1:4
Key verse: “He is to lay his hand on the head of the burnt offering so it can be accepted on his behalf to make atonement for him” (Lev 1:4).
73
Exod 3:14 Key Verse
“God replied to Moses, ‘I AM WHO I AM. This is what you are to say to the Israelites: I AM has sent me to you’” (Exod 3:14).
74
Purpose of Leviticus
was to teach Israel how they were to walk in practical holiness with God, which was necessary because of Israel’s status as God’s elect (Exod 4:22-23), redeemed (Exodus 12), and regenerated (Exod 14:31) nation. A people of such exalted spiritual status needed to know how their daily behavior should conform to their status as holy people.
75
Jews Called Leviticus
“The Law of the Priests” and “The Law of the Offerings”
76
Leuitikon
which means “that which pertains to the Levites,”
77
Leviticus is About
Leviticus is a book about the priestly offerings and the religious festivals of the Jewish people.
78
Way to the Holy One: Sacrifice (1:1-10:20)
A.Laws of Sacrifice (1:1-7:38)
B.Laws of Priesthood (8:1-10:20)
79
Way of Holiness: Sanctification (11:1-27:34)
A.Laws of Purity (11:1-15:33)
B.Day of Atonement (16:1-34)
C.Holiness Code (17:1-27:34)
80
The Message of Leviticus
The message of Leviticus is that the nation could achieve progressive sanctification and thus become distinct from the surrounding nations through daily access to God via the sacrifices (chaps. 1-10) and through obedience (chaps. 11-27).
Thus, the book places great emphasis on holiness (Hb. qodesh) which is used eighty-seven times in the book.
81
5 Sacrifices to ensure ongoing fellowship with God
Voluntary Sacrifices:
1. Burnt Offering: was given for the purpose of making atonement for sins in general and as a sign of a person’s dedication (1:1-17)
2. Meal or Grain Offering: and it was offered as thanksgiving for the harvest (2:1-16)
3. Fellowship/Peace Offering: which expressed thanksgiving and celebration regarding the reconciliation between the worshipper and God that was procured by the burnt offering (3:1-17)
Compulsory Sacrifices:
1. Sin Offering: for the purpose of making atonement for specific sins.
2. Guilt Offering: was designed to atone for sin as well as make restitution for particular sins.
82
Voluntary Sacrifices described as
and were a sweet savor to the Lord
83
Compulsory Sacrifices described as
were issued for the purpose of restoring broken fellowship between the sinner and God
84
Atonement
Offering of ram without defect
85
Restitution
Monetary payment for sin
86
Leviticus (chaps. 8-10)
are devoted to the priesthood. Specifically, these chapters cover the priests’ consecration (chap. 8), commencement (chap. 9), and condemnation (chap. 10).
87
Leviticus (chaps. 8-9)
essentially provides the fulfillment of these instructions,
88
The Laws of Leviticus
designate everything as either “holy” or “common,” and common things, in turn, were considered either “clean” or “unclean.” Wenham notes that clean things became “holy” when they were sanctified and “holy” things, when defiled, could become either common or polluted. Thus, the laws of purity were related to the entire concept of sanctification.
89
The Day of Atonement (yom kippur)
was the holiest day on the Hebrew calendar. It occurred ten days after the Feast of Trumpets, following the “days of awe".
90
Passover (pesach)
remembered the nation’s redemption from Egypt.
91
Unleavened Bread (matsot)
commemorated the nation’s separation from Egypt.
92
Firstfruits (bikkurim)
praised God for the firstfruits of the harvest in expectation for the full harvest
93
Pentecost (shavu‘oth)
involved the marking of the wheat harvest as well as thankfulness for the harvest.
94
Trumpets (rosh hashanah)
celebrating the beginning of the New Year.
95
Atonement (yom kippur)
dealt with annual covering of national sin.
96
Tabernacles (succoth)
remembered God’s provision throughout the wilderness wanderings from Egypt to Canaan.
97
The Book of Numbers
tells the story of the wilderness journey. It serves as a travel diary of the Israelites after the exodus.
98
The Hebrew title of the book Numbers
bemidbar
99
The English title Numbers is taken from
the LXX arithmoi (“numbers”) after the two censuses (chaps. 1, 26).
100
Army of Israel
Included every male 20 years and older
101
The Census
was designed to reorganize Israel into a military camp in preparation for the conquest of the Promised Land.
102
Numbers Key Verse
“Your corpses will fall in this wilderness—all of you who were registered in the census, the entire number of you twenty years old or more—because you have complained about me” (14:29).
103
Kadesh-barnea
Where the people turned back and wandered the desert for 40 years until the disobedient generation of adults perished in the wilderness. By the end of the story, the new generation, born in the wilderness, remobilized and proceeded to Moab in preparation to enter the Promised Land.
104
Span of time in Numbers
took place over a period of thirty-eight years and nine months (Num 1:1; Deut 1:3), presumably between 1444 BC and 1406 BC.
105
The Tabernacle
God's Dwelling place
106
What Numbers teaches us today
The book describes the first generation’s pilgrimage to Canaan and failure to obtain the benefits of God’s promises due to unbelief. In a practical sense Numbers speaks to us today about the importance of obedience in our spiritual journey as well.
107
Numbers tells the story of
the initial success and ultimate failure of the exodus generation.
108
The Israelites who experienced the miracles
succumbed to doubt, fear, and unbelief. Having left the bondage of Egypt, they turned back in unbelief at Kadesh-barnea and wandered in the Sinai wilderness thirty-eight more years.
109
The Israelites born in wilderness
made the commitment to trust the Lord and moved on by faith.
110
2 Generations
Faithless and faithful
111
Primary Genre of Numbers
Narrative
112
Sub genres of Numbers
Census lists, travel procedures, regulations for the priests and the Levites, sacrifice and ritual instructions, inheritance rights, prophetic oracles, and poetry
113
First Generation (1:1-25:18)
A.Preparation of the First Generation at Sinai (1:1-10:36)
B.Failure of the First Generation (11:1-25:18)
114
Second Generation (26:1-36:13)
A.Reorganization of Israel on the Plains of Moab (26:1-30:16)
B.Preparation for Conquest of the Land (31:1-36:13)
115
2 Censuses
1. for the purpose of military organization and their arrangement around the tabernacle (2:1-34)
2. records a census of the Levites so they could be organized into various clans.
116
Priests
1. While all priests were Levites, not all Levites were priests.
2. A priest had not only to be a Levite, but he also had to be a descendant of Aaron.
3. Only the priests had the privilege of administering the sacrifices while the nonpriest Levites were considered the priests’ helpers.
117
4 Areas of Spiritual Blessings
1. the people were to be sanctified by separation from those who were physically unclean (5:1-4)
2. the people were sanctified through the Nazirite vow, allowing them to devote themselves to God for a season (6:1-21) People could also be sanctified through the Aaronic blessing assuring them of God’s continued grace upon them (6:22-27)
3. they were sanctified through worship (7:1-9:14) at the tabernacle (7:1-89)
4. the Israelites were sanctified through divine guidance by the cloud above the tabernacle (9:15-10:36)
118
A current practice of Jews as giving spiritual blessing
Today Jewish congregations sing Num 10:35 (“arise Adonai”) as the scrolls are lifted in the Torah processional.
119
Divine Guidance Given to Israelites by
Pillar of Cloud by day, Pillar of Fire by Night
120
Israelite Nation Sanctified by
through separation (5:1-4), vows (6:1-21), worship (7:1-9:14), and guidance (9:15-10:36).
121
their journey from Sinai to Kadesh-barnea took__days
11
122
What disqualified the first generations blessing of Canaan?
Unbelief
123
What showed the rejection of what God accomplished for them and rejection of God's divinely chosen leaders In the Israelites?
Their desire to return to Egypt and to kill Moses and Aaron
124
What illness did Miriam become stricken with when risings against Moses?
Leprosy
125
The Abrahamic Covenant was
Spiritual rather than racial
126
Why did Miriam and Aaron turn against Moses
Jealousy and possibly a racial bias against his wife Zipporah or another wife later taken
127
What is a Key chronological marker in the book of Numbers?
Numbers 20:1 It is the first month of the fortieth year after the exodus event (20:1). At this point Israel had wandered in the wilderness for thirty-eight years three months and ten days
128
The Events in Numbers
All show what happens in the face of unbelief
129
The lifting of the bronze serpent in the wilderness was comparable to
the lifting up of the Son of Man (John 3:14)
130
Wadi Musa (Arabic for the “Valley of Moses”)
Edom’s eastern border and entered the territory of Moab east of Jericho (21:10-20)
131
Who was Balaam?
was a Baru or sorcerer who specialized in manipulating and receiving information from various ancient Near East deities through incantation and divination. Although hired by Balak (“the Destroyer”) the Moabite king to curse Israel, Balaam could only bless the covenanted nation and curse her adversaries through seven oracles (chaps. 23-24), which emphasize God’s blessing on Israel
132
What did the Levitical Cities allow?
allowed the Levites to live among the people throughout the land. The cities of refuge allowed justice to be exacted against murderers and also prevented innocent blood from being spilled due to vigilantism, thereby keeping the land free from spiritual pollution (35:33-34).
133
What Did Moses Emphasize?
the need for faith and obedience by the second generation by reminding them that the first generation was blessed (chaps. 1-10) yet disinherited solely due to disobedience (chaps. 11-25).
134
Theological themes in Numbers
They include God’s holiness, man’s sinfulness, the necessity of covenant obedience, and the consequences of disobedience.
135
Deuteronomy
completes the Torah scrolls as the final book of the Law.
136
The Book of Deut Ends With?
the Song of Moses (32:1-43), the blessing of Moses (33:1-29), and the transition of leadership to Joshua (34:1-12)
137
The Diff Titles of Deut.
in Hebrew with the title ’elleh haddebarim, “these are the words.” Although the LXX title, Deuteronomion (sometimes translated as “second law”) is the source of the English title Deuteronomy
138
Key Verse of Deut
“Listen, Israel: The LORD our God, the LORD is one. Love the LORD your God with all your heart, with all your soul, and with all your strength” (6:4-5).
139
W. M. L. de Wette, following B. Spinoza, theorized that Deuteronomy was written
much later than Moses and suggested it was actually the lost “Book of the Law,” which was conveniently “discovered” in the days of Josiah in 622 BC (2 Chr 34:14-33)
140
When was Deut Written?
The book was probably written around 1405 BC, at the end of the wilderness wanderings and on the eve of the conquest of Canaan (4:44-49; 34:1-4)
141
All events of Deut Occurred
as the nation was encamped on the plains of Moab prior to entering Canaan (Deut 1:1, 5; 29:1; Josh 1:2)
142
Outline of Deut
I.Past: Review of Israel’s History (1:1-4:49)
II.Present: Record of Israel’s Laws (5:1-26:19)
A.Principles of the Covenant (5:1-11:32)
B.Priorities of the Covenant (12:1-25:19)
C.Practice of the Covenant (26:1-19)
III.Future: Revelation of Israel’s Destiny (27:1-34:12)
A.Ratification of the Covenant (27:1-30:20)
B.Preparation of the Community (31:1-34:12)
143
Why was Deut Written?
Deuteronomy was written to invoke covenant renewal on the part of the second generation so they could enter Canaan, conquer the Canaanites, and experience prosperity and peace in the land
144
What did Moses say his audience, the 2nd generation, must do?
must “‘hear’ (50 times) and ‘do,’ ‘keep,’ ‘observe’ (177 times) God’s commands out of a heart of ‘love’ (21 times).”
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Three Fold Division of Deut
1. The first sermon, found in chapters 1-4, is retrospective and historical. It seeks to encourage Israel to remember what God did for her by reciting God’s saving acts on her behalf.
2. The second sermon, found in chapters 5-26, is introspective, emotional, and legal. It calls for Israel to love God with all her heart, to reverence Him, and to serve Him. Moses explains what God expects Israel to do through the exposition of the principles of His covenant Law
3. The third sermon, found in chapters 27-34, is prospective and prophetic. It invokes hope by explaining what God will do for Israel and by providing a final summation of the covenant demands.
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The 6 Divisions of Deut, the law as a treaty ( BC Hittite treaty)
1. preamble (1:1-5),
2. historical prologue surveying “the past relationship between the parties” (1:6-4:40),
3. stipulations or covenant obligations (4:41-26:19),
4. “storage and public reading instructions” (27:2-3; 31:9, 24, 26),
5. covenant deity witnesses (31-32; 32:1),
6. and curses and blessings showing how the suzerain will respond to the vassal’s compliance with the treaty terms (chaps. 27-30)
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Unique Features of Deut
First, the book contains almost 200 references to the land as the Israelites prepare to conquer and possess the Promised Land.
Second, the book is frequently quoted throughout Scripture: 356 times in the Old Testament and about eighty times in the New Testament.
Deuteronomy is used extensively by Christ not only to validate His messiahship and summarize the law but also
to rebut Satan (Matt 4:4, 7, 10, quoting Deut 6:16, 13; 8:3).
Finally, it serves as Moses’ farewell address to the nation. Thus, Deuteronomy represents his last will and testament.
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Who Were the Israelites not to disturb?
the Edomites (2:1-7), Moabites (2:8-15), and Ammonites (2:16-23) since He gave a land inheritance to each of these groups.
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Principle of Shema
This principle involves loving God with all one’s heart and the totality of one’s being and teaching the covenant to one’s children (6:6-9). This statement of faith and practice is the core of Judaism to this day. It emphasizes that the religion of the Old Testament was a matter of the heart. It was not merely a series of rituals and regulations but a matter of spiritual devotion to the one true God. As a result of their devotion, God promised to give the Israelites the land of Canaan as a gift of His grace (9:1-6)
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True Spirituality involves
involves loving God with all one’s heart. Jesus reiterated this Old Testament truth when he quoted Deut 6:4-5 in answer to the question about the greatest commandment
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Intent of the Ten Commandments
Is an inward motivation toward godly behavior in the civil, social, and ceremonial life of Israel.
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How do these laws protect the innocent?
by forbidding revenge murder (19:1-22:4), adultery (22:5-23:18), theft (23:19-24:7), lying (24:8-25:4), and coveting (25:5-19).
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In Moses 1st Major Sermon
Moses articulates the covenant law (5:1-21) as well as its essence (6:1-8) and application (7:1-11:32) in view of the impending Canaan conquest. (Shema)
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In Moses 2nd Major Sermon
Moses applies each of the Ten Commandments to a variety of specific situations. This section is developed in the form of case laws applied to a variety of scenarios the second generation will likely encounter in daily life in Canaan (intent of commandments)
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In Moses 3rd Major Sermon
Moses exhorts his audience to remember the covenant. As the nation offers its first fruits (26:1-11) and the third-year tithe to the Lord (26:12-15), the people will be able to remember how God has blessed them through the covenant. Israel will also be prepared to honor the covenant when the people understand that their blessings are attached to their adherence to the covenant terms (26:16-19).
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In Moses 3rd Major Sermon Cont.
Moses continues with his theme of covenant renewal by forecasting Israel’s destiny, calling the new generation to ratify the covenant (27:1-28:68) and receive life and the promises of the land covenant (29:1-30:20). He concludes the final sermon with a statement about the transition of leadership to the next generation.Moses begins this part of the sermon by discussing the covenant renewal ceremony that is to take place in Shechem after the second generation enters Canaan.
Half of the tribes are to go up to Mount Gerizim to represent the covenant blessings for obedience.
The other half of the tribes are to journey to Mount Ebal to represent the covenant curses for disobedience (27:11-13). Moses then outlines the blessings (28:1-14) and curses (28:15-68) the nation would experience for obedience and disobedience. These curses seem to grow in intensity until they culminate in deportation. When taken as a whole, they spell out the history of the nation in advance.
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Moses concludes his third sermon with
transitional information explaining that the new leadership under Joshua will guide the second generation in its conquest of Canaan. Moses also predicts the apostasy that Israel’s future generations will exhibit (31:14-22), insisting that the covenant text should be stored in the ark of the covenant (31:24-29)
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Moses died (32:48-52; 34:5-8)
having only seen Canaan from a distance (34:1-4). His burial by God was in an unmarked grave on Mount Nebo.
