Biases

Question 1

Cognitive Bias

Answer 1

a genuine deficiency or limitation in our thinking — a flaw in judgment that arises from errors of memory, social attribution, and miscalculations (such as statistical errors or a false sense of probability).

Question 2

Logical Fallacy

Answer 2

an error in logical argumentation (e.g. ad hominem attacks, slippery slopes, circular arguments, appeal to force, etc.).

Question 3

Bandwagon Effect

Answer 3

The tendency to do (or believe) things because many other people do (or believe) the same. Related to herd instinct

Question 4

Confirmation Bias

Answer 4

Looking for and valuing information that confirms what we believe. Misleads us about what is true.

Question 5

Gamblers Fallacy

Answer 5

Putting a tremendous amount of weight on previous events

Question 6

Interviewer Bias

Answer 6

The distortion of response to an interview which results from differential reactions to the style and personality of the interviewer or to their presentation of questions

Question 7

Normalcy Bias

Answer 7

The refusal to plan for, or react to, a disaster which has never happened before

Question 8

Measurement Bias (systematic error)

Answer 8

Systematically overstating or understating the true value of a measurement

Question 9

Negativity Bias

Answer 9

Paying more attention to negative news or perceiving it to be more important

Question 10

Normalcy Bias

Answer 10

The refusal to plan for, or react to, a disaster which has never happened before-like a fire or flood. And it is not rationale. We all have cognitive biases, it is just in our human nature, and the purpose of this course is to help give you strategies to work against our natural inclination to fall into decision making traps.

Question 11

Observation Selection Bias

Answer 11

Suddenly noticing things that you did not notice before and wrongly assuming the frequency has increased

Question 12

Performance Bias

Answer 12

When one group of subjects gets more attention than another group which results in differences between groups

Question 13

Positive Expectation Bias

Answer 13

A sense that our luck has to eventually change

Question 14

Publication Bias

Answer 14

When the outcome of a study influences the decision whether to publish it

Question 15

Question Order

Answer 15

Inadvertently influencing responses due to the order questions are asked

Question 16

Recall Bias

Answer 16

Participants to not remember previous events or experiences accurately

Question 17

Respondent Fatigue Bias

Answer 17

A phenomenon that occurs when survey participants become tired which results in the quality of data deteriorating

Question 18

Response Bias (survey bias)

Answer 18

A tendency for participants to answer questions untruthfully or inaccurately

Question 19

Sampling/Selection Bias

Answer 19

Sample obtained is not reflective of the target population

Question 20

Sponsor Bias (funding bias)

Answer 20

Study outcomes that support the interests of the study’s financial sponsor

Question 21

Status Quo Bias

Answer 21

Making choices that guarantee things remain the same or change as little as possible

Question 22

Verification Bias

Answer 22

Outcomes more likely to be found in treatment group due to investigators knowing which person is in experimental and control groups