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Bfs 3 Final > Bfs Midterm 2 > Flashcards

Bfs Midterm 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Where are baroreceptors located

A

Aortic arch

And each of the carotid sinuses near the area where the common carotid artery bifurcates

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2
Q

Stimulation of V2-receptors causes

A

regulates urine osmotic concentration
by increasing sodium reabsorption

in the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle and enhancing osmotic permeability of the epithelium cells in the collecting duct

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3
Q

smooth muscle relaxation is caused by

A

increase in cGMP

will lead to stimulation of cGMP-dependent protein kinase, which in turn activates MLCP, leading to dephosphorylation of myosin light chains

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4
Q

The aortic hiatus location

A

in the posterior part of the diaphragm

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5
Q

pharyngeal tonsil location

A

Nasopharynx

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6
Q

olfactory epithelium consists of 3 cell types

A

basal,

supporting, and

olfactory receptor cells.

Basal cells are stem cells that give rise to the olfactory receptor cells. The continuous turnover and new supply of these neurons are unique to the olfactory system

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7
Q

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterised by

A

poorly reversible airflow obstruction

abnormal inflammatory response in the lungs

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8
Q

Left and right lung difference

A

Right has 3 lobes

Left has 2

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9
Q

pseudostratified columnar epithelium is found in

A

nasal passage of the upper respiratory tract,
trachea,
bronchi of the lower respiratory tract

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10
Q

Where can fenestrated capillaries be found

A

kidneys,
intestines,
pancreas
endocrine glands

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11
Q

o2 hb dissociation curve shift to right

A

shift to right indicates that the hemoglobin under study has a decreased affinity for oxygen.

This makes it more difficult for hemoglobin to bind to oxygen (requiring a higher partial pressure of oxygen to achieve the same oxygen saturation), but it makes it easier for the hemoglobin to release oxygen bound to it.

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12
Q

Club cells are

A

nonciliated epithelial cells found mainly in bronchioles as well as basal cells found in large airways

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13
Q

Club cell function

A

airway repair after injury,

secretion of antiinflammatory and immunomodulatory proteins,

detoxification

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14
Q

What increases from trachea to alveoli

A

Surface area

(Not sure)

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15
Q

What is isovolumetric contraction

(What occurs)

A

Start of ventricular systole
Atroventricular valves shut (lub sound)

Pressure increase in ventricles
Same volume

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16
Q

Superior mesenteric artery branches

A

Inferior Pancreaticoduodenal Artery.

Jejunal and Ileal Arteries.

Middle and Right Colic Arteries.

Ileocolic Artery.

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17
Q

Hepatic artery branches from

A

Celiac artery

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18
Q

What is mesothelium

A

Epithelium lining

Pleura
Peritoneum
Pericardium

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19
Q

What is the function of surfactant

A

Preventing alveolar collapse

Lowering surface tension

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20
Q

Number of lobular bronchi

A

3 lobes in right

2 in left

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21
Q

What is the most superior structure of the lung root

A

Hilum

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22
Q

Mmhg 120-90

A

Answer is 100

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23
Q

Parts of the mediastinum

A

Superior mediastinum

Inferior mediastinum
- anterior
- middle
- posterior

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24
Q

Ventricular depolarisation

A

Qrs complex

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25
Q

What does atrial systole do

A

Pumps blood into ventricle

Atria contract after depolarisation of atria

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26
Q

What relaxes vocal folds

A

ThyroArytenoid muscles

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27
Q

What is superior to thyroid

A

Thyroid and cricoid Cartilages

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28
Q

Subcostal artery is a branch of

A

arise from the distal descending THORACIC AORTA and course beneath the 12th rib

29
Q

Air flows into the lungs because

A

atmospheric pressure is greater than pulmonary pressure

30
Q

What constricts the pharynx

A

The superior,
middle,
inferior constrictor muscles make up the outer circumferential layer and constrict the pharynx during swallowing

31
Q

In rbc, bicarbonate is exchanged with

A

Chloride ions

32
Q

What carries baroreceptor signals

A

Vagus nerve and glossopharyngeal

Afferent baroreceptor neurons arising from the carotid sinus are carried in the IXth glossopharyngeal nerves and those fibers relaying sensation from the aortic arch and heart are carried in the Xth vagus nerves

33
Q

Where does the pericardium fuse

A

-The 2 layers of pericardium (parietal and visceral fuse where the ascending aorta and the pulmonary trunk exit the heart base.

-fibrous pericardium is a conical-shaped sac. Its apex is fused with the roots of the great vessels at base of heart

34
Q

Where does the pericardium fuse part 2

A

The muscle fibres of the diaphragm combine to form a central tendon. This tendon ascends to fuse with the inferior surface of the fibrous pericardium

35
Q

What channels does hyperpolarisation open

A

HCN

36
Q

What is the largest layer or aorta

A

Smooth muscle

Tunica media

37
Q

What is the role of cAMP in heart rate

A

Increase heart rate

increase in intracellular cyclic AMP (cAMP) that raises the rate of action potential generation in the heart pacemaker, the sinoatrial (SA) node

38
Q

If resistance increases, what needs to happen to gradient to keep flow constant

A

Increase gradient

39
Q

If murmur sounds are heard, where is the flow turbulent

A

Aortic valve

Stenoses or rheumatic mitral valve

40
Q

Subcostal arteries branch from

A

Descending thoracic aorta

T12 along inferior border of the 12th rib

41
Q

When is atrial natriuretic released

A

Increases in blood volume or pressure

Promotes sodium excretion and vasodilation so blood volume and pressure will decrease

42
Q

Pharynx extends till which vertebrae

A

C6

43
Q

Aortic hiatus enters diaphragm at which vertebral level

A

T12

44
Q

Which layer of pericardium attaches to diaphragm

A

Fibrous pericardium

45
Q

Superior rectal artery is a branch of

A

Inferior mesenteric artery

46
Q

What muscle relaxes vocal cords

A

Posterior cricoarytenoid muscle

47
Q

Thryroid cartilage is attached to what structure that is superior to it

A

Hyoid bone

48
Q

What is the role of atrial systole

A

Filling of ventricles

49
Q

Why is the o2 dissociation curve a sigmoid

A

Binding of one o2 to subunit increases affinity for next binding

50
Q

A left shift in the oxygen dissociation curve is because of

A

sign of hemoglobin’s increased affinity for oxygen

high blood pH is a cause

51
Q

Pharyngeal tonsils adenoid are in which part of the pharynx

A

Nasopharynx

52
Q

Mesothelium consists of

A

Flat squamous epithelial cells

Mesothelial cells

53
Q

What acts as a vasodilator

A

Bradykinin

54
Q

Which ion channel is responsible for hyperpolerisation in cardiac cells

A

Inward rectifier potassium channel

KIR

55
Q

Which ion channel is responsible for hyperpolerisation in cardiac cells

A

Inward rectifier potassium channel

KIR

Influx of potassium causes hyperpolarisation

56
Q

How does cyclic amp regulate cardiac output

A

Increase in stroke volume
And the rate at which heart pumps blood

cardiomyocytes, β1AR-mediated cAMP generation regulates chronotropy (heart rate), inotropy (force of contraction) and lusitropy (relaxation

57
Q

Calculate pulse pressure

A

Systolic-diastolic=x

(Top - bottom)

58
Q

Where is the lowest resistance if the flow is laminar flow

A

Centre

59
Q

Which component increases as we move from trachea to alveoli

A

Increase in number of airways

Decrease in airway diameter

Increase in total cross sectional area

Reduction in airflow velocity

60
Q

Which dome shaped cell helps in reducing surface tension and detoxification

A

Pneumocystes type 2

61
Q

What is located superior to the root of the left lung

A

Left Pulmonary artery and

Left superior pulmonary vein

62
Q

How many branches from secondary bronchi in left side

A

16-20

63
Q

What is found in the posterior mediastinum

A

Vagus nerve

Thoracic aorta

Oesophagus

From google:
thoracic part of the descending aorta, the azygos and the two hemiazygos veins, the vagus and splanchnic nerves, the esophagus, the thoracic duct

64
Q

Superior mediastinum has

A

Brachiocephalic veins
Superior vena cava
Vagus and phrenic nerve

From google

Superior Mediastinum: Organs: thymus, trachea, esophagus. Arteries: aortic arch, brachiocephalic trunk, left common carotid artery, left subclavian artery. Veins and lymphatics: superior vena cava, brachiocephalic veins, the arch of the azygos, thoracic duct

65
Q

If resistance is doubled what should happen to pressure gradient

A

Should double
Directly proportional

From google :
The pressure gradient can be viewed as the force driving flow (F), where F = ΔP/R
—> flow = change in pressure/resistance

66
Q

In obstructive disease what decreases

A

FEV1

67
Q

Which arterial branch has chemoreceptors

A

Carotid artery

68
Q

What makes right border of the heart

A

Right atrium

Bfs 3 Final (5 decks)

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