Bfs Midterm 2 Flashcards
Where are baroreceptors located
Aortic arch
And each of the carotid sinuses near the area where the common carotid artery bifurcates
Stimulation of V2-receptors causes
regulates urine osmotic concentration
by increasing sodium reabsorption
in the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle and enhancing osmotic permeability of the epithelium cells in the collecting duct
smooth muscle relaxation is caused by
increase in cGMP
will lead to stimulation of cGMP-dependent protein kinase, which in turn activates MLCP, leading to dephosphorylation of myosin light chains
The aortic hiatus location
in the posterior part of the diaphragm
pharyngeal tonsil location
Nasopharynx
olfactory epithelium consists of 3 cell types
basal,
supporting, and
olfactory receptor cells.
Basal cells are stem cells that give rise to the olfactory receptor cells. The continuous turnover and new supply of these neurons are unique to the olfactory system
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterised by
poorly reversible airflow obstruction
abnormal inflammatory response in the lungs
Left and right lung difference
Right has 3 lobes
Left has 2
pseudostratified columnar epithelium is found in
nasal passage of the upper respiratory tract,
trachea,
bronchi of the lower respiratory tract
Where can fenestrated capillaries be found
kidneys,
intestines,
pancreas
endocrine glands
o2 hb dissociation curve shift to right
shift to right indicates that the hemoglobin under study has a decreased affinity for oxygen.
This makes it more difficult for hemoglobin to bind to oxygen (requiring a higher partial pressure of oxygen to achieve the same oxygen saturation), but it makes it easier for the hemoglobin to release oxygen bound to it.
Club cells are
nonciliated epithelial cells found mainly in bronchioles as well as basal cells found in large airways
Club cell function
airway repair after injury,
secretion of antiinflammatory and immunomodulatory proteins,
detoxification
What increases from trachea to alveoli
Surface area
(Not sure)
What is isovolumetric contraction
(What occurs)
Start of ventricular systole
Atroventricular valves shut (lub sound)
Pressure increase in ventricles
Same volume
Superior mesenteric artery branches
Inferior Pancreaticoduodenal Artery.
Jejunal and Ileal Arteries.
Middle and Right Colic Arteries.
Ileocolic Artery.
Hepatic artery branches from
Celiac artery
What is mesothelium
Epithelium lining
Pleura
Peritoneum
Pericardium
What is the function of surfactant
Preventing alveolar collapse
Lowering surface tension
Number of lobular bronchi
3 lobes in right
2 in left
What is the most superior structure of the lung root
Hilum
Mmhg 120-90
Answer is 100
Parts of the mediastinum
Superior mediastinum
Inferior mediastinum
- anterior
- middle
- posterior
Ventricular depolarisation
Qrs complex
What does atrial systole do
Pumps blood into ventricle
Atria contract after depolarisation of atria
What relaxes vocal folds
ThyroArytenoid muscles
What is superior to thyroid
Thyroid and cricoid Cartilages
Subcostal artery is a branch of
arise from the distal descending THORACIC AORTA and course beneath the 12th rib
Air flows into the lungs because
atmospheric pressure is greater than pulmonary pressure
What constricts the pharynx
The superior,
middle,
inferior constrictor muscles make up the outer circumferential layer and constrict the pharynx during swallowing
In rbc, bicarbonate is exchanged with
Chloride ions
What carries baroreceptor signals
Vagus nerve and glossopharyngeal
Afferent baroreceptor neurons arising from the carotid sinus are carried in the IXth glossopharyngeal nerves and those fibers relaying sensation from the aortic arch and heart are carried in the Xth vagus nerves
Where does the pericardium fuse
-The 2 layers of pericardium (parietal and visceral fuse where the ascending aorta and the pulmonary trunk exit the heart base.
-fibrous pericardium is a conical-shaped sac. Its apex is fused with the roots of the great vessels at base of heart
Where does the pericardium fuse part 2
The muscle fibres of the diaphragm combine to form a central tendon. This tendon ascends to fuse with the inferior surface of the fibrous pericardium
What channels does hyperpolarisation open
HCN
What is the largest layer or aorta
Smooth muscle
Tunica media
What is the role of cAMP in heart rate
Increase heart rate
increase in intracellular cyclic AMP (cAMP) that raises the rate of action potential generation in the heart pacemaker, the sinoatrial (SA) node
If resistance increases, what needs to happen to gradient to keep flow constant
Increase gradient
If murmur sounds are heard, where is the flow turbulent
Aortic valve
Stenoses or rheumatic mitral valve
Subcostal arteries branch from
Descending thoracic aorta
T12 along inferior border of the 12th rib
When is atrial natriuretic released
Increases in blood volume or pressure
Promotes sodium excretion and vasodilation so blood volume and pressure will decrease
Pharynx extends till which vertebrae
C6
Aortic hiatus enters diaphragm at which vertebral level
T12
Which layer of pericardium attaches to diaphragm
Fibrous pericardium
Superior rectal artery is a branch of
Inferior mesenteric artery
What muscle relaxes vocal cords
Posterior cricoarytenoid muscle
Thryroid cartilage is attached to what structure that is superior to it
Hyoid bone
What is the role of atrial systole
Filling of ventricles
Why is the o2 dissociation curve a sigmoid
Binding of one o2 to subunit increases affinity for next binding
A left shift in the oxygen dissociation curve is because of
sign of hemoglobin’s increased affinity for oxygen
high blood pH is a cause
Pharyngeal tonsils adenoid are in which part of the pharynx
Nasopharynx
Mesothelium consists of
Flat squamous epithelial cells
Mesothelial cells
What acts as a vasodilator
Bradykinin
Which ion channel is responsible for hyperpolerisation in cardiac cells
Inward rectifier potassium channel
KIR
Which ion channel is responsible for hyperpolerisation in cardiac cells
Inward rectifier potassium channel
KIR
Influx of potassium causes hyperpolarisation
How does cyclic amp regulate cardiac output
Increase in stroke volume
And the rate at which heart pumps blood
cardiomyocytes, β1AR-mediated cAMP generation regulates chronotropy (heart rate), inotropy (force of contraction) and lusitropy (relaxation
Calculate pulse pressure
Systolic-diastolic=x
(Top - bottom)
Where is the lowest resistance if the flow is laminar flow
Centre
Which component increases as we move from trachea to alveoli
Increase in number of airways
Decrease in airway diameter
Increase in total cross sectional area
Reduction in airflow velocity
Which dome shaped cell helps in reducing surface tension and detoxification
Pneumocystes type 2
What is located superior to the root of the left lung
Left Pulmonary artery and
Left superior pulmonary vein
How many branches from secondary bronchi in left side
16-20
What is found in the posterior mediastinum
Vagus nerve
Thoracic aorta
Oesophagus
From google:
thoracic part of the descending aorta, the azygos and the two hemiazygos veins, the vagus and splanchnic nerves, the esophagus, the thoracic duct
Superior mediastinum has
Brachiocephalic veins
Superior vena cava
Vagus and phrenic nerve
From google
Superior Mediastinum: Organs: thymus, trachea, esophagus. Arteries: aortic arch, brachiocephalic trunk, left common carotid artery, left subclavian artery. Veins and lymphatics: superior vena cava, brachiocephalic veins, the arch of the azygos, thoracic duct
If resistance is doubled what should happen to pressure gradient
Should double
Directly proportional
From google :
The pressure gradient can be viewed as the force driving flow (F), where F = ΔP/R
—> flow = change in pressure/resistance
In obstructive disease what decreases
FEV1
Which arterial branch has chemoreceptors
Carotid artery
What makes right border of the heart
Right atrium
