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Big Fat Everything > BFE > Flashcards

BFE Flashcards

1
Q

🌿GEOGRAPHY:

What type of magma is found at hotspots?

A

Basaltic

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2
Q

🌿GEOGRAPHY:

What are Fissure Eruptions?

A

Where lava erupts from several points or vents simultaneously.

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3
Q

🌿GEOGRAPHY:

Name the 3 Types of Plate Margin

A
  • Constructive
  • Destructive
  • Conservative
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4
Q

🌿GEOGRAPHY

What landforms are present at a Constructive Plate Margin?

A
  • Mid-Ocean Ridges

- Rift Valleys

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5
Q

🌿GEOGRAPHY:

-What landforms are present at a Destructive Oceanic-Continental Plate Margin?

A
  • Deep Sea Trenches

- Young Fold Mountains

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6
Q

🌿GEOGRAPHY:

What landforms are present at a Destructive Oceanic-Oceanic Plate Margin?

A
  • Deep Sea Trenches

- Island Arcs

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7
Q

🌿GEOGRAPHY:

What landforms are present at a Destructive Continental-Continental Plate Margin?

A

-Fold Mountains

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8
Q

🌿GEOGRAPHY:

What landforms are present at Conservative Plate Margins?

A

-Low Ridges

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9
Q

🌿GEOGRAPHY:

At which Plate Boundaries do Volcanoes not occur?

A
  • Destructive Continental-Continental

- Conservative

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10
Q

👨‍🔬PSYCHOLOGY:

Name the Positive Symptoms of schizophrenia.

A
  • Delusions
  • Hallucinations
  • Disorganised Speech
  • Disorganised Behaviour
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11
Q

👨‍🔬PSYCHOLOGY:

Name the Negative Symptoms of schizophrenia.

A
  • Speech Poverty
  • Avolition
  • Lack of Emotional Response
  • Lack of Interest in the World
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12
Q

👨‍🔬PSYCHOLOGY:

Define Type 1 Schizophrenia.

A

-Acute form characterised by positive symptoms and responsive to medication, believed to be due to problems with dopamine neurotransmission.

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13
Q

👨‍🔬PSYCHOLOGY:

Define Type 2 Schizophrenia.

A

-Chronic Type characterised by Negative Symptoms and unresponsive to medication.

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14
Q

👨‍🔬PSYCHOLOGY:

Define schizophrenia

A

-A mental disorder characterised by withdrawal from reality.

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15
Q

👨‍🔬PSYCHOLOGY:

Define Hallucination

A

-A perception of something to be there that does not truly exist.

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16
Q

👨‍🔬PSYCHOLOGY:

Define Delusion.

A

-The false belief that is resistant to confrontation with the truth.

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17
Q

👨‍🔬PSYCHOLOGY:

Give an example of a schizophrenic hallucination.

A

-Hearing aggressive, insulting voices telling an individual what to do.

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18
Q

👨‍🔬PSYCHOLOGY:

Give an example of a schizophrenic delusion

A

-An individual believing that everyone is out to ‘get’ them.

19
Q

👨‍🔬PSYCHOLOGY:

Define Speech Poverty

A

-A negative symptom of schizophrenia involving short answers to questions and minimal elaboration.

20
Q

👨‍🔬PSYCHOLOGY:

Define Avolition

A

A negative symptom of schizophrenia involving a loss of energy and motivation.

21
Q

👨‍🔬PSYCHOLOGY:

Give 2 facts about schizophrenia

A
  • 1% of Earth’s population had schizophrenia.

- Costs the UK £2Billion per year on treatment.

22
Q

👨‍🔬PSYCHOLOGY:

Define Diagnosis

A

-Identification of nature and cause of an illness.

23
Q

👨‍🔬PSYCHOLOGY:

Name 2 classification systems

A
  • DSM-5 produced in USA.

- ICD-10 produced by WHO.

24
Q

👨‍🔬PSYCHOLOGY:

Define Diagnosis Reliability

A

-Consistency of diagnoses.

25
Q

👨‍🔬PSYCHOLOGY:

Which types of reliability affect diagnosis?

A
  • Test-Retest reliability

- Inter-Rater reliability

26
Q

👨‍🔬PSYCHOLOGY:

What is Test-Retest reliability in diagnosis?

A

-When the same clinician makes the same diagnosis on separate occasions based on the same information.

27
Q

👨‍🔬PSYCHOLOGY:

What is Inter-Rater Reliability in diagnosis?

A

-When different clinicians make the same independent diagnosis of the same patient.

28
Q

👨‍🔬PSYCHOLOGY:

Outline research by Read et al.

A
  • Reported schizophrenia diagnosis reliability was only 63% in 2004.
  • Noted that in a 1970 study 69% of US psychiatrists diagnosed schizophrenia but only 2% of British did.
  • Suggests diagnosis has never been reliable.
29
Q

👨‍🔬PSYCHOLOGY:

Outline research by Jacobsen et al

A
  • Used ICD classification system on 100 Danish patients with a history of psychosis to test diagnosis reliability.
  • Found a 98% concordance rate suggesting that up to date classification systems are reliable.
30
Q

👨‍🔬PSYCHOLOGY:

Evaluation points for Reliability of Diagnosis of schizophrenia

A
  • DSM regarded more reliable than ICD as more accurate descriptions.
  • Schiz diagnosis (81%) anxiety (63%)
  • Even if not 100% reliable, classification systems provide a common language for further understanding and development of treatments.
  • Evidence suggests Reliability has improved over time (E.g. Söderberg)
31
Q

👨‍🔬PSYCHOLOGY:

What does validity mean in diagnosis?

A

-How accurate the diagnosis is

32
Q

👨‍🔬PSYCHOLOGY:

What 4 types of Validity affect diagnosis?

A
  • Reliability
  • Predictive Validity
  • Descriptive Validity
  • Aetiological Validity
33
Q

👨‍🔬PSYCHOLOGY:

How does Reliability affect validity of diagnosis?

A

-Reliability is the start of validity.

34
Q

👨‍🔬PSYCHOLOGY:

How does predictive validity affect diagnosis?

A

-If diagnosis leads to successful treatment, then diagnosis was valid.

35
Q

👨‍🔬PSYCHOLOGY:

How does Descriptive Validity affect Diagnosis?

A

-Patients of schizophrenia need to differ in symptoms from other mental disorders

36
Q

👨‍🔬PSYCHOLOGY:

How does Aetiological Validity affect diagnosis?

A

-All schizophrenics should have the same cause for the disorder.

37
Q

👨‍🔬PSYCHOLOGY:

Outline the procedure of research by Rosenhan

A
  • 8 volunteers went to mental hospitals claiming they could hear voices.
  • A hospital was informed that an unspecified number of pseudo participants would attempt entry of the next 3 months
38
Q

👨‍🔬PSYCHOLOGY:

Outline findings of research by Rosenhan

A
  • It took the 8 volunteers 7-53 days to be let out as their normal behaviour was interpreted as signs of schizophrenia.
  • 83/193 real schizophrenic patients raised suspicion of being pseudo participants.
39
Q

👨‍🔬PSYCHOLOGY:

Evaluation points of Rosenhan’s research

A
  • Psychiatrists are there to help people, not turn them away.
  • Expectation bias.
  • Nervousness of participants may have led psychiatrists to believe they were schizophrenic.
40
Q

👨‍🔬PSYCHOLOGY:

Outline research by Jager et al

A
  • Found that diagnosis of schizophrenia had high Descriptive validity.
  • Used ICD-10 to distinguish 951 cases of schizophrenia from other mental disorders.
  • Schizophrenic patients had more pronounced negative symptoms and lower overall functioning.
41
Q

👨‍🔬PSYCHOLOGY:

Outline research by Mason et al

A
  • Found that more modern classification systems have higher predictive validity.
  • Tested 4 classification systems on 99 schizophrenic participants over 13 years.
42
Q

👨‍🔬PSYCHOLOGY:

Outline research by Birchwood and Jackson

A
  • 20% of schizophrenic patients recover and never have another episode.
  • 10% commit suicide it’s so bad.
  • They argue predictive validity is low as there is too much variety in the outcomes.
43
Q

👨‍🔬PSYCHOLOGY:

Evaluation points for diagnosis Validity of schizophrenia

A
  • Argued low predictive Validity due to different patients having a wide range of symptoms and severity.
  • Diagnosis has a huge impact on an individuals life, low validity diagnosis is unfair.
  • Even if diagnosis is not great, it still provides common grounds to work on improving.

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