Betty Neuman

Question 1

_________ refers to the whole
person

Answer 1

Wholistic

Question 2

Neuman published the ________________ in 1982

Answer 2

“Neuman Systems Model”

Question 3

Neuman attended University of
California at Los Angeles (UCLA)
with double major in _________ and _____________

Answer 3

psychology, public health

Question 4

two major components of an open system

Answer 4

stress and reaction to stress

Question 5

is a dynamic, open, systems
approach to client care originally developed to provide a unifying focus for defining nursing problems and for
understanding the client in interaction with the environment.

Answer 5

Wholistic approach

Question 6

five variables simultaneously affecting the client system

Answer 6

physiological
psychological
sociocultural,
developmental
spiritual

Question 7

“there is a continuous flow of input and process, output, and feedback.

Answer 7

open system

Question 8

“matter, energy, and information that are exchanged
between the client and the
environment”

Answer 8

input and output

Question 9

system output in the form of
“matter, energy, and
information serves as feedback
for future for corrective action
to change, enhance, or stabilize
the system”

Answer 9

feedback

Question 10

“a process of energy
conservation that increases
organization and complexity,
moving the system toward
stability at a higher degree of
wellness”

Answer 10

negentropy

Question 11

a dynamic and “desirable
state of balance in which energy exchanges can take place without disruption of the
character of the system,” which
points toward optimal health

Answer 11

stability

Question 12

consists of both internal and external forces surrounding the client, influencing, and being
influenced by the client, at any
point in time”

Answer 12

environment

Question 13

developed unconsciously by
the client to express system
wholeness symbolically.

Answer 13

created environment

Question 14

“its purpose is to provide
perceptual protection for client
system functioning and to
maintain system stability”

Answer 14

created environment

Question 15

“a composite of five variables
(physiological, psychological,
sociocultural, developmental,
and spiritual) in interaction
with the environment”

Answer 15

client system

Question 16

variable that refers to body structure and function

Answer 16

physiological

Question 17

variable that refers
to mental process in interaction
with the environment

Answer 17

psychological

Question 18

variable that refers
to the effects and influences of
social and cultural conditions

Answer 18

sociocultural

Question 19

variable that refers to age related processes
and activities

Answer 19

developmental

Question 20

variables that refers to
spiritual beliefs and influences

Answer 20

spiritual

Question 21

composed of a central core
surrounded by concentric rings “consists of basic survival
factors common to human
beings,” such as innate or
genetic features

Answer 21

basic structure

Question 22

“serve as protection factors that are activated by stressors
penetrating the normal line of defense”

Answer 22

Lines of Resistance (LOR)

Question 23

the model’s outer solid circle that represents the “adaptation level of health developed over the course of time and serves as the standard by which to measure wellness deviation determination”

Answer 23

Normal Line of Defense

Question 24

the model’s outer broken ring; perceived as a protective buffer
for preventing stressors from breaking through the usual wellness state as represented by the normal line of defense

Answer 24

Flexible Line of Defense

Question 25

“optimal wellness exists when the total system needs are being completely met”; a continuum of wellness to illness that is dynamic in nature

Answer 25

Health

Question 26

“exists when all system subparts interact in harmony with the hole system and all system need are being met”

Answer 26

wellness

Question 27

“exists at the opposite end of the continuum from wellness and represents a state of instability and energy depletion”

Answer 27

illness

Question 28

are tension producing stimuli “that have the potential to disrupt system stability, leading to an outcome that may be positive or negative

Answer 28

stressors

Question 29

stressors may arise from the following:

Answer 29

Intrapersonal forces Interpersonal forces Extrapersonal forces

Question 30

represents system instability that occurs when strategies invade the normal line of defense

Answer 30

Degree of Reactions

Question 31

are purposeful actions to help the client retain, attain, or maintain system stability can occur

Answer 31

prevention

Question 32

Neuman's three levels of intervention

Answer 32

a) primary b) secondary c) tertiary

Question 33

intervention where when one stressor is identified; a reaction has not yet occurred, but the degree of risk is known

Answer 33

Primary Intervention

Question 34

involves interventions or treatment initiated after symptoms from stress have occurred.

Answer 34

Secondary Intervention

Question 35

occurs after the active treatment for secondary prevention stage; the goal is to maintain optimal wellness representing recurrence of reaction or regression.

Answer 35

Tertiary Intervention

Question 36

occurs after treatment for stressor reactions; it represents return of the system to stability, which may be the higher or lower level of wellness than before stressor invasion.

Answer 36

Reconstruction

Question 37

example of physiological variable

Answer 37

Individual System, Community System

Question 38

example of psychological variable

Answer 38

Self-esteem and its effect of relationships for the individual and communication patterns for a family

Question 39

example of developmental variable

Answer 39

Empty Nest Syndrome Sandwich Generation

Question 40

example of sociocultural variable

Answer 40

Ethnic cultural practices and health belief practices on birthing, food preferences in different regions of the country, and care of the dying and dead

Question 41

example of spiritual variable

Answer 41

Anointing the sick or dying with oil, among Roman Catholics avoiding scavenger fishes (shrimp, squids, crabs, fishes with no scales) among Seventh Day Adventists prohibiting blood transfusion among Jehovah’s Witnesses

Question 42

made up of basic “survival factors” → include system variables, genetic features, and the strengths and weaknesses of the system parts

Answer 42

Central Core

Question 43

examples of central core

Answer 43

hair color, body temperature regulation ability, functioning of body systems homeostatically, cognitive ability, physical strength, and value systems.

Question 44

is any environmental force which can potentially affect the stability of the system.

Answer 44

stressor

Question 45

occur within the individual. (emotion and feelings, hypertension, low blood glucose)

Answer 45

Intrapersonal forces

Question 46

occur between individuals. (role expectations, perceptions of caregiver, friend relationships)

Answer 46

Interpersonal forces

Question 47

occur outside the individual (job or finance pressure)

Answer 47

Extrapersonal forces

Question 48

the primary nursing intervention; Focuses on keeping stresses and distress response from having a detrimental effect on the body

Answer 48

Prevention

Question 49

occurs before the system reacts to a stressor; strengthens the person to enable him to better deal with stressors, and on the other hand manipulates the environment to reduce or weaken stressors

Answer 49

Primary Prevention

Question 50

occurs after the system reacts to a stressor in this provided in terms of existing systems; focuses on preventing damage to the central core by strengthening the internal lines of resistance and or removing the stressor.

Answer 50

Secondary Prevention

Question 51

occurs after the system has been treated through secondary prevention strategies

Answer 51

Tertiary Prevention

Question 52

offers support to the client and attempts to add energy to the system or reduce energy needed in order to facilitate reconstitutions.

Answer 52

Tertiary Prevention

Question 53

Metaparadigm of Neuman: Person/Client

Answer 53

open client system in reciprocal interaction with the environment

Question 54

Metaparadigm of Neuman: Health

Answer 54

“the condition in which all parts and subparts (variables) are in harmony with the whole of the client” sees health as being equated with wellness

Question 55

Metaparadigm of Neuman: Nursing

Answer 55

Neuman sees nursing as "unique profession that is concerned with all of the variables which influence the response a person might have to stressor." Neuman define nursing as actions which assist individuals, families and groups to maintain a maximum level of wellness, and the primary aim is stability of the patient/client system, through nursing interventions to reduce stressors

Question 56

Metaparadigm of Neuman: Environment

Answer 56

"environment as all the internal and external factors that surround and influence the client system."

Question 57

Neuman stated that the state of wellness is in ___________ __________, rather than in any kind of steady state

Answer 57

dynamic equilibrium

Question 58

“an unlimited entity with an active personality system whose evolution follows principles, symbolism, and systematic organizations...it is not always possible to see the potential expansions of this entity”

Answer 58

PERSON/CLIENT

Question 59

was named as an Honorary Member of the Fellowship of the American Academy of Nursing

Answer 59

Betty Neuman

Question 60

birth of betty neuman

Answer 60

1924 – born near Lowell, Ohio