BETTER HEALTH FOR INDIVIDUALS Flashcards
1
Q
FQ1
A
What does health mean to individuals?
2
Q
DEFINITIONS OF HEALTH
A
changed over time–> increased medicine,science,tech,social enviro & their influences
- until 20th-century health= ‘Absence of illness or disease’
- med tech has improved disease–>vaccines,immunisation
- WHO 1946
“A state of complete, physical, mental & social wellbeing & not merely the absence of illness or infirmity”
HOLISTIC APPROACH - Ottawa Charter, 1984= marked a new era in public health
3
Q
DIMENSIONS OF HEALTH
A
A persons level of health is the result of the interaction between these dimensions
- PHYSICAL, SPIRITUAL, MENTAL, SOCIAL
4
Q
Dimensions of health
* PHYSICAL
A
The wellness of the body and the absence of chronic pain or discomfort.
5
Q
Dimensions of health
* SPIRITUAL
A
A sense of purpose and meaning in our life, and to feeling connected w/ others and society
6
Q
Dimensions of health
* MENTAL
A
A state of wellbeing, where we recognise our ability, cope w/ normal stresses of life, & make a contribution to society.
7
Q
Dimensions of health
* SOCIAL
A
Our ability to interact with other people in an independent and co-operative way
8
Q
RELATIVE AND DYNAMIC NATURE OF HEALTH
A
- Judging where we are along the illness-wellness continuum = SUBJECTIVE due to perspective & what is optimal and normal.
9
Q
RELATIVE NATURE OF HEALTH
A
the status of health in comparison to others or another time
10
Q
DYNAMIC NATURE OF HEALTH
A
constant fluctuations that occur in the level of health
11
Q
*** MEANINGS OF HEALTH
A
- Definitions of health
- Dimensions of health
- Relative and dynamic nature of health
12
Q
*** PERCEPTIONS OF HEALTH
A
- Perceptions of their health
- Perceptions of the health of others
- Implications of different perceptions of health
- Perceptions of health as social constructs
- Impact of the media, peers and family
13
Q
PERCEPTIONS OF THEIR HEALTH
A
refers to the way something is viewed by an individual or group.
- perceptions are influenced by our attitudes about health by peers, family and the media.
14
Q
PERCEPTIONS OF THE HEALTH OF OTHERS
A
parents, elderly, the homeless
- The way a person thinks about the health of others in our society is shaped by the perceptions we develop through our own experiences.
- The more diverse we are = broader perceptions.
15
Q
IMPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENT PERCEPTIONS OF HEALTH
A
INDIVIDUAL–> peoples perceptions have a significant influence on their lifestyle choices and behaviours
E.G tanning, eating well, eating badly, depression
16
Q
PERCEPTIONS OF HEALTH AS SOCIAL CONSTRUCTS
A
SOCIAL CONTRUCTS: ‘Health is not the sole responsibility of the individual’
- construct recognises people have different views based on social circumstances
- our views regarding health are influenced by social, economic & cultural conditions of our family.
Health is based and influenced regarding …
*socioeconomic status *geo location *cultural bground
17
Q
IMPACT OF THE MEDIA
A
- Disseminates info
- Delivers & promotes health messages
- Creates misconceptions
- Influences attitudes, values, and beliefs
18
Q
IMPACT OF PEERS
A
- Influence our ideas & behaviours
- Support
- Place social pressures and desire to fit in
19
Q
IMPACT OF FAMILY
A
Their behaviours surrounding health strongly influence the ideas that we may adopt or form
20
Q
*** HEALTH BEHAVIOURS OF YOUNG PEOPLE
A
- The positive health status of young people
- Protective behaviours and risk behaviours
21
Q
THE POSITIVE HEALTH STATUS OF YOUNG PEOPLE
A
Young Australians have continued to improve over time increased life expectancy decrease mortality and morbidity
22
Q
FACTORS THAT PROTECT THE HEALTH OF YOUNG PEOPLE
A
Not taking drugs, smoking or drinking, exercise, counseling, supporting parents, friends school.
23
Q
FACTORS THAT RISK THE HEALTH OF YOUNG PEOPLE
A
Doing drugs, lack of social abilities, no education
24
Q
FQ2
A
What influences the health of individuals
25
THE DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH
- Individual
- Sociocultural
- Socioeconomic
- Environmental
26
INDIVIDUAL FACTORS
Knowledge, skills, attitudes and genetics
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SOCIOCULTURAL FACTORS
Family, peers, media, religion, culture
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SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS
Employment, education, income
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ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS
Geolocation, access to health services, and tech.
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*** THE DEGREE OF CONTROL INDIVIDUALS CAN EXERT OVER THEIR HEALTH
- Modifiable and non-modifiable health determinants
| - The changing influence of determinants through different life stages
31
MODIFIABLE AND NON-MODIFIABLE HEALTH DETERMINANTS
- A persons level of health is not solely determined by individual choices
- Not all Australians are able to exert the same level of influence and control of their own health, resulting in health inequalities.
32
MODIFIABLE DETERMINANTS
Can be changed/controlled
- increases when we believe we can acquire info manage situations, make choices
E.G diet, exercise, stress management
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NON-MODIFIABLE DETERMINANTS
Cannot be changed/controlled
| E.G genetics, hereditary, environmental factors.
34
SELF EFFICACY
| Our belief to bring about change
Stronger → persistence/feelings of control. Lower → feelings of powerless, negative self-evaluations.
35
THE CHANGING INFLUENCE OF DETERMINANTS THROUGH DIFFERENT LIFE STAGES
At different times in our lives certain determinants may have a greater or lesser influence on our health status and decisions.
- Mothers and babies
- Children and young people
- Working-age adults
- Older people
36
MOTHERS AND BABIES
Social support and income is a big influence, access to health services e.g vaccination
37
CHILDREN AND YOUNG PEOPLE
Develop skills and habits, under the influence of parents. A cumulative effect such as violence or tobacco creates risks.
38
WORKING-AGE ADULTS
25-64: Employment opportunities and parenthood are the focus, therefore, the greatest capacity to control determinants and socioeconomic status.
39
OLDER PEOPLE
Cumulating determinants become evident e.g. impact of tobacco use, overweight etc reduce of control occurs
40
*** HEALTH AS A SOCIAL CONSTRUCT
- Recognises the interrelationship of determinants
| - Challenges the notion that health is solely an individual's responsibility
41
RECOGNISES THE INTERRELATIONSHIP OF DETERMINANTS
- Depends on a different view of health based on social circumstances and one's environment
- Good health according to the factors within the environment and the impact of the factors.
42
CHALLENGES THE NOTION THAT HEALTH IS SOLELY AN INDIVIDUAL'S RESPONSIBILITY
Health and wellbeing are associated with social institutions such as families, communities, workplaces, etc Lack of support leads to social isolation.
43
FQ3
What strategies help to promote the health of individuals?
44
WHAT IS HEALTH PROMOTION
"the process of enabling people to increase control over their health& its determinants, and thereby improve their health"
45
Health promotion...
| WHO identify 3 key elements...
1. GOOD GOVERNANCE FOR HEALTH
attempts of govt (or other) to steer a community in he pursuit of good health
2. HEALTH LITERACY
peoples ability to read and write
3. HEALTH CITIES
putting health on high agendas for city govts
46
Health promotion involves ...
policy changes, enviro improvements, WHS, seeks to change the social determinants, changing so they are favourable and enablethe individuals to improve their own health.
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*** RESPONSIBILITY FOR HEALTH PROMOTION
- Individuals
- Community groups/schools
- Non govt organisations
- Govts
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INDIVIDUALS
- Have the responsibility to promote their own health through being educated about protective & risk behaviours
- Responsible to make choices to promote our health
E.G pdhpe teacher, health care practicioner, elite athlete
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COMMUNITY GROUPS/SCHOOLS
Com groups know their context, needs and health status etc & are often equipped to meet these needs.
COM GROUPS: schools, re groups, AA
Schools are the biggest group.
- develop health habits& solid basis for health literacy
- PDHPE syllabus> holistic view of health, rules & regulations E.G no hat no play.
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NON-GOVT ORGANISATIONS
Focus on specific issue, usually healt-related or social justice concern.
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Role of non govt organisations...
RESEARCH
conduct research on issue
SUPPORT
networks for practical support, providing info on interventions.
MEDIA CAMPAIGNS
raises awareness around health issues and social justice, educates public.
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GOVERNMENTS
COUNCIL REGULATIONS
WHS, national policies, data analysis
COMMONWEALTH (AUS)
state (NSW)
local (council)
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*** HEALTH PROMOTION APPROACHES AND STRATEGIES
- Lifestyle/behavioural approaches
- Preventative medical approaches
- Public health approaches
54
LIFESTYLE/BEHAVIOURAL APPROACHES
| quit smoking pograms, health education
CHANGE THEIR LIFESTYLE OR PARTICULAR BEHAVIOURS
E.G smoking
National Tobacco Campaign > 'Quit Now'
- tips for those struggling > ads & campaigns.
55
PREVENTATIVE MEDICAL APPROACHES
| immunisation, screening
```
INVOLVE DRUGS & TECH TO HELP PREVENT HEALTH ISSUES
-Child immunisation
vaccines
-Screenings
early detection
```
56
PUBLIC HEALTH PROMOTION
| health promoting schools, workplaces
- Promote health based on range of health determinants, targeting social deteminants set by WHO
- Health promoting schools,health promotion workplaces,all providing tools and resources.
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*** THE OTTAWA CHARTER AS AN EFFECTIVE HEALTH PROMOTION FRAMEWORK
- Developing personal skills
- Creating supportive environments
- Strengthening community actions
- Reorientating health services
- Building healthy public policy
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The Ottawa Charter
- Most widely used health promtion framework
| - Developed after WHO held an international conferencing 1986
59
DEVELOPING PERSONAL SKILLS
- education & health literacy > informed > better health choices
- foundational motor skills & gaining insight of behaviours
- promoting protective behaviours
- building health literacy to... EMPOWERING, ENHANCING/ ENABLING the individual
E.G safety on our roads > road and maritimes services > educational programs/road rules.
60
CREATING SUPPORTIVE ENVIRONMENTS
- link between peoples health & the environment
- where we live, work, play and socialise
- global environment
- taking care of each other/community environment
- how can the supportaround me help to better others
E.G tobacco smoking > online ads, quitline
E.G increased speeding > more promotion of the dangers > speed cameras
61
STRENGTHENING COMMUNITY ACTIONS
- communities to make decisions, plans & implement health promotions & review their effectiveness
- using community resources in orderto provide social support & self-help for the community > empower community & involvement
E.G Closing The Gap → creates equality amongst all Australians (in the com)
E.G RTA SpeedBlitz Blues → raise awareness amongst the consequences of speeding → to change attitudes.
62
REORIENTATING HEALTH SERVICES
- recognises the impacts of all the determinants of health (holistic approach)
- focus on promotion & prevention
E.G Tobacco use → RACGP, offices & waiting rooms w. ads.
E.G Slow down roadshow→ show educating the com about consequences→ raise awareness of a more preventative approach, rather than treatment.
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BUILDING HEALTHY PUBLIC POLICY
- govt developing legislation & policies to promote laws that improve health outcomes
E.G Road safety → fixed speed cameras,urban speed limit
E.G Road safety → RBT→ increasing the punishments for drink driving.
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*** PRINCIPLES OF SOCIAL JUSTICE
- Equity
- Diversity
- Supportive environments
65
Principles of social justice
Social Justice = FAIRNESS
- everyone to have equal levels of good health
- upholding human rights, advocating valuing diversity, r providing supportive environments.
ADVOCATE, ENABLE, MEDIATE = help to achieve what is their right health
66
EQUITY
- promoting fairness
- aim to achieve quality in outcome, not method
- enables everyone to achieve health
- resources distributed equitably
E.G Centrelink → funding to those w/ out, in order to have control over their health
E.G Medicare → provide everyone with access to specific care providers(higher income → taxed more)
67
DIVERSITY
- valuing people for who they are ensuring health promotion meets their needs & is delivered in an appropriate manner
- diversity of income, location, cultural background, physical & mental abilities, knowledge, language, history
- for health promotions to work, they must account for the target audiences diverse nature
E.G ATSI → people speak several languages, have history of being socially oppressed and are victims of racial discrimination. Closing The Gap promotion utilised the action area Strengthening Community Action
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SUPPORTIVE ENVIRONMENTS
- includes the physical, social & online environments & seeks to create the environment in such a way that the healthier is the easier choice
E.G WHS → making schools safer, policies e.g.Anti bullying providing a safe social environment
E.G National Road Safety Strategy → introduction of speed cameras to reduce road toll. Introduction of 50 km/h suburban speed limits
