Beta-Lactam & Cell Wall Inhibitors Flashcards
[TRUE OR FALSE]
ANTIMICROBIALS refer to drugs that inhibit the growth/ replication, or kill organisms such as bacteria, fungi, viruses, protozoa, and parasities/ helminthes.
They are also under CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC DRUGS
Both statesments are TRUE
[TERMINOLOGIES]
Kills intended bacteria
Bactericidal
cidal - homicidal/ suicidal
[TERMINOLOGIES]
- Prevents bacteria’s reproduction, and allows for the immune system to take over.
- Can still be effective with a competent immune system
Bacteriostatic
[TERMINOLOGIES]
- Lowest concentration of antibiotic that inhibits growth of organisms
- Usually done in invitro testing (quantitative measure on how much concentration of the antibitioc will inhibit bacterial growth)
Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC)
[TERMINOLOGIES]
- Property of antimicrobials/ anitbiotics wherein it only exerts its toxic effects TO THE ORGANISM AND NOT THE HOST
- Requisit/ requirement of a drug
Selective Toxicity
[BACTERIAL STRUCTURE]
- Found on the exterior of the plasma membrane
- Protective feature of bacteria
- Gives shape and prevents osmotic changes
- Main constituent is Peptidoglycan/ Murein
Cell Wall
[TERMINOLOGIES]
- Polysaccharide
- Mesh-like layer
Peptidoglycan
[TRUE OR FALSE]
There are peptides/ proteins in the Peptidoglycan BUT there are LESS repeating units of carbohydrates
FALSE
There are more repeating units of carbohydrates
[TRUE OR FALSE]
The Cell Wall and Capsule is the mechanism on how bacteria evades phagocytosis and chemical attacks of the host’s immune system
TRUE
[TRUE OR FALSE]
Bacteria has NO nucleus and nuclear membrane, but has a nucleoid structure that contains its chromosome
TRUE
[BACTERIAL STRUCTURE]
- Another structure of protection for the bacteria
- Calcium-containing
Capsule
[GRAM-POSITIVE OR GRAM NEGATIVE]
Colors purple
Gram-Positive
Purple - Positive
[GRAM-POSITIVE OR GRAM NEGATIVE]
- Thick layer of Peptidoglycan; contains up to 30 layers
- Has peptide interbridges
Gram-Positive
[GRAM-POSITIVE OR GRAM NEGATIVE]
Colors Red/ Pink
Gram-Negative
NOT Purple - Negative
[GRAM-POSITIVE OR GRAM NEGATIVE]
- Thin Peptidoglycan later
- Has Lipopolysaccharides (lipid bilayer similar to plasma membranes)
Gram-Negative
[GRAM-POSITIVE OR GRAM NEGATIVE]
Is tougher to combat as antibiotics would have a harder time breaking the Peptidoglycan layer of the cell
Gram-Negative
[IDENTIFICATION]
The Peptidoglycan layer is composed of peptides and sugars. What are these amino sugars?
- N-acetylglucosamine (NAG)
- N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM)
[IDENTIFICATION]
The Peptidoglycan layer has 4 amino acids in the Tetrapeptide Crosslinks that are present in the bacteria’s cell wall. What are these 4 amino acids?
- L-alanine
- D-glutamine
- L-lysine
- D-alanine
[FILL-IN-THE-BLANKS]
NAG and NAM are interconnected by the [BLANK], which makes them:
* tough
* impenetrable
Tetrapeptide Crosslink
[TRUE OR FALSE]
Penicillins, cephalosporins, and carbapenems are the major antibiotics that inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis.
They are called beta-lactams because of the unusual 4-member ring that is common to all their members.
Both are TRUE
[IDENTIFICATION]
An alternative to vancomycin that directly disreupts the cell membrane
Daptomycin
[IDENTIFICATION]
All penicillins are derivatives of what acid
6-aminopenicillanic acid
[IDENTIFICATION]
More than [how many] antibiotics that act as cell wall synthesis inhibitors are currently available, with individual spectra of activity that afford a wide range of clinical applications.
50
[TRUE OR FALSE]
Penicillin subclasses have additional chemical substituents that confer differences in antimicrobial activity, susceptibility to acid and enzymatic hydrolysis, and biodisposition.
TRUE
[IDENTIFICATION]
Penicillins vary in their resistance to gastric acid and therefore vary in their oral bioavailability.
What are the parenteral formulations that are available for injection?
- Ampicillin
- Piperacillin
- Ticarcillin
[IDENTIFICATION]
What is the polarity of Penicillins
Polar
They’re excreted unchanged urine via glomerular filtration & tubular secretion
