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Abdomen & Superficial Structures > Benign Neoplastic Diseases > Flashcards

Benign Neoplastic Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

What type of estrogen exposure affects a hemangioma?

A

HRT or pregnancy (BCP dose too low)

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2
Q

size of a liver hemangioma

A

typically up to 3 cm

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3
Q

gender prevalence of a hemangioma

A

females>males

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4
Q

appearance of liver hemangioma

A

small, homogeneous, hyperechoic, well-defined

may exhibit necrotic or degenerative central area

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5
Q

vascularity of hemangioma

A

often too slow to pick up

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6
Q

Characteristics of benign neoplasms

A

asymptomatic and do not often alter lab tests
hypo/avascular
well-defined and encapsulated
slow growing

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7
Q

Identify: small, benign, homogeneous, hyperechoic, well-defined liver mass, may have central hypoechoic/anechoic area, vascularity too slow to pick up

A

liver hemangioma, lipoma

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8
Q

What tests could be performed to confirm diagnosis of a hemangioma?

A

MRI, CT, red blood cell scintigraphy - hot due to capillary bed

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9
Q

What follow up is suggested for a liver hemangioma?

A

serial ultrasounds

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10
Q

Common echogenicity of benign liver neoplasms

A

hyperechoic

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11
Q

What is focal nodular hyperplasia?

A

proliferation of growth of normal liver cells in an abnormal arrangement (non-hexagonal)

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12
Q

What is the functional unit of the liver?

A

lobule

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13
Q

What are the components of a liver lobule?

A

hepatocytes, canaliculi, venous sinuses, Kupffer/reticuloendothelial cells

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14
Q

gender prevalence of FNH

A

women>men

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15
Q

size of FNH

A

up to 8 cm

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16
Q

vascularity of FNH

A

some central flow

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17
Q

appearance of FNH

A

small-med size, homogeneous, isoechoic, well-defined liver mass, hypoechoic central scar

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18
Q

What test(s) could be performed to confirm diagnosis of FNH?

A

sulphur colloid scan - FNH is warm or hot because of increased density of Kupffer cells

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19
Q

What is the most common benign liver neoplasm?

A

hemangioma

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20
Q

liver “stealth lesion,” aka

A

FNH

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21
Q

What follow up is suggested for a FNH?

A

serial ultrasounds

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22
Q

Identify: small-med size, benign, homogeneous, isoechoic, well-defined liver mass, central vascularity, hypoechoic central area, influenced by estrogen

A

FNH

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23
Q

benign liver neoplasm that is affected by estrogen

A

hemangioma and FNH

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24
Q

What two benign liver neoplasms can a sulphur colloid scan differentiate?

A

FNH - warm or hot

liver adenoma - cold

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25
Q

size of liver adenoma

A

8-15 cm

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26
Q

appearance of liver adenoma

A

variable echogenicity (usually hyper), well defined and encapsulated, solitary mass

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27
Q

vascularity of liver adenoma

A

central flow

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28
Q

What follow up is suggested for a liver adenoma?

A

surgical removal due to risk of hemorrhage and infarct

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29
Q

Which benign liver neoplasm is linked to use of oral contraceptives and Type 1 Glycogen Storage Disease?

A

liver adenoma

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30
Q

Type 1 Glycogen Storage Disease, aka

A

von Gierke’s disease

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31
Q

What test can be performed to confirm diagnosis of liver adenoma?

A

sulphur colloid scan would be cold - lack Kupffer cells

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32
Q

Identify: large, variable echogenicity (usually hyper), well defined and encapsulated, solitary mass, central vascularity

A

liver adenoma

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33
Q

appearance of lipoma

A

homogeneous, hyperechoic, well-defined liver mass, may have central hypoechoic/anechoic area

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34
Q

liver hemangioma, aka

A

cavernous hemangioma

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35
Q

most common benign splenic neoplasm

A

hemangioma

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36
Q

size of splenic hemangioma

A

variable: S -> L

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37
Q

appearance of splenic hemangioma

A

variable - hyperechoic, homogeneous and solid, or complex with cystic degeneration

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38
Q

What is a hemangioma?

A

cluster of blood capillaries

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38
Q

vascularity of splenic hemangioma

A

absent or low, flow too slow

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40
Q

name two rare benign splenic neoplasms

A

hamartoma, lymphangioma

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41
Q

suggested follow up for splenic hemangioma

A

further testing to rule out malignancy

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42
Q

appearance of a hamartoma

A

echogenic, solid, homogeneous, NON-ENCAPSULATED

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43
Q

What do a hamartoma and lymphangioma have in common?

A

lymphoid origin from spleen

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44
Q

appearance of lymphangioma

A

variable, solid or cystic

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45
Q

What is cystic lymphangiomyomatosis?

A

multiloculated cystic lymphangioma

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46
Q

multiloculated cystic version of lymphangioma

A

lymphangiomyomatosis

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47
Q

normal GB wall thickness

A

3 mm

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48
Q

appearance of GB adenoma

A

small-mid size, hyperechoic, homogeneous, pedunculated

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49
Q

size of benign GB adenoma

A

up to 10 mm

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50
Q

vascularity of GB adenoma

A

avascular or hypovascular

51
Q

Identify: small-mid size, hyperechoic, homogeneous, pedunculated GB mass, hypo/avascular

A

GB adenoma, cholesterolosis, or cholesterol polyp

52
Q

cholesterolosis

A

multiple non-shadowing masses attached to GB wall

53
Q

multiple non-shadowing masses attached to GB wall

A

cholesterolosis

54
Q

What is adenomyomatosis?

A

cholesterol trapped within exaggerated RA sinuses, and proliferation of the smooth muscle within the GB wall

55
Q

appearance of adenomyomatosis

A

hyperechoic foci in a thickened GB wall, exhibiting comet-tail artifact

56
Q

appearance of adenomyoma

A

focal, mass-like accumulation of adenomyomatosis

57
Q

most common location of adenomyomatosis

A

GB fundus

58
Q

appearance lent to GB by of mid-level adenomyomatosis

A

hourglass shape

59
Q

exocrine pancreatic cells

A

acini cells - produce digestive enzymes that drain into duodenum through pancreatic duct

60
Q

endocrine pancreatic cells

A

Islets of Langerhans - secrete insulin and other hormones

61
Q

most common pancreatic neoplasm

A

Islet cell tumour

62
Q

most common type of Islet cell tumour

A

Insulinoma

63
Q

typical location of insulinoma

A

pancreatic body or tail

64
Q

non-functioning Islet cell tumour

A

less common (15%), more commonly malignant

65
Q

functioning Islet cell tumour

A

more common (85%), usually benign

66
Q

appearance of Islet cell tumour

A

variable size, hypoechoic, solid, well-encapsulated,

67
Q

AML

A

angiomyolipoma

68
Q

angiomyolipoma, aka

A

renal hamartoma

69
Q

renal hamartoma, aka

A

angiomyolipoma

70
Q

gender prevalence of AML

A

middle-aged women

71
Q

appearance of AML

A

unilateral, hyperechoic, homogeneous, well defined, in peripheral renal cortex (may be exophytic)

72
Q

vascularity of an AML

A

hypo/avascular, flow too low

73
Q

Identify: unilateral, hyperechoic, homogeneous, well defined, hypo/avascular mass in peripheral renal cortex

A

AML/renal hamartoma or renal cell carcinoma

74
Q

Which benign neoplasm is associated with tuberous sclerosis?

A

AML/renal hamartoma

75
Q

size of renal adenoma

A

up to 3 cm

76
Q

size of oncocytoma

A

greater than 3 cm

77
Q

gender prevalence of renal adenoma/oncocytoma

A

male>females

78
Q

age prevalence of renal adenoma/oncocytoma

A

60’s-70’s

79
Q

appearance of renal adenoma/oncocytoma

A

hypoechoic (sometimes isoechoic), well-defined mass in renal cortex

80
Q

Identify: hypoechoic (sometimes isoechoic), well-defined mass in renal cortex

A

renal adenoma/oncocytoma, renal cell carcinoma, or dromedary hump (if pyramids seen)

81
Q

appearance of adrenal adenoma

A

solid, round, unilateral, hypoechoic, encapsulated, may contain calcs

82
Q

normal echogenicity of adrenals

A

thin echogenic medulla, hypoechoic cortex

83
Q

zones of adrenal cortex

A

zona glomerulus, zona fasciculata, zona reticularis

84
Q

hormones secreted by adrenal cortex

A

steroids (aldosterone, cortisone, estrogens, androgens

85
Q

diseases associated with a hyperfunctioning adrenal adenoma

A

Cushing’s syndrome, Conn’s disease

86
Q

hyperfunctioning adrenal adenoma vs non-functioning

A

both may be benign, but non-functioning is more common

87
Q

name two non-functioning benign adrenal neoplasms

A

adrenal adenoma and myelolipoma

88
Q

name two hyperfunctioning benign adrenal neoplasms

A

adrenal adenoma and pheochromocytoma

89
Q

name two cortical benign adrenal neoplasms

A

adrenal adenoma and myelolipoma

90
Q

medullary benign adrenal neoplasm

A

pheochromocytoma

91
Q

origin of pheochromocytoma

A

adrenal medulla

92
Q

origin of myelolipoma

A

zona fasciculata of adrenal cortex

93
Q

origin of adrenal adenoma

A

adrenal cortex

94
Q

gender prevalence of myelolipoma

A

males = females

95
Q

appearance of myelolipoma

A

small-mid size, hyperechoic

96
Q

Which benign adrenal neoplasm causes propagation speed artifact?

A

myelolipoma (fatty component)

97
Q

size of myelolipoma

A

up to 5 cm

98
Q

symptoms of pheochromocytoma

A

elevated catecholamines in urine, HTN, palpitations, tachycardia, excessive sweating

99
Q

age prevalence of pheochromocytoma

A

40’s-50’s

100
Q

age prevalence of myelolipoma

A

50’s-60’s

101
Q

Which adrenal gland is more commonly afflicted with a pheochromocytoma?

A

right side

102
Q

size of pheochromocytoma

A

greater than 2 cm

103
Q

appearance of pheochromocytoma

A

solid, unilateral, encapsulated, hypoechoic, may be either homo or heterogeneous

104
Q

Which benign adrenal neoplasm is associated with tuberous sclerosis and MEN syndrome?

A

pheochromocytoma

105
Q

MEN syndrome

A

multiple endocrine neoplasia syndrome

106
Q

tuberous sclerosis

A

genetic condition exhibiting mental retardation, seizures, sebaceous tumours

107
Q

syndrome associated with “fits and zits”

A

tuberous sclerosis

108
Q

Identify: small-mid size, solid, unilateral, hypoechoic, encapsulated adrenal medullary mass, may be either homo or heterogeneous; causes elevated catecholamines in urine, HTN, palpitations, tachycardia, excessive sweating

A

pheochromocytoma

109
Q

Identify: small-mid size, hyperechoic adrenal cortical mass, causing propagation speed artifact

A

myelolipoma

110
Q

most common benign abdominal wall neoplasm

A

desmoid tumour

111
Q

desmoid tumour location

A

connective tissue, usually anterior abdominal wall, at a previous surgical or laparoscopic site

112
Q

Which surgery is commonly associated with developing a Desmoid tumour?

A

C-section

113
Q

gender prevalence of Desmoid tumour

A

females>males

114
Q

age prevalence of Desmoid tumour

A

20’s-30’s (reproductive age)

115
Q

appearance of Desmoid tumour

A

homogeneous and hypoechoic, local infiltration

116
Q

Identify: homogeneous and hypoechoic mass in anterior abdominal wall, local infiltration, at site of previous surgery

A

Desmoid tumour

117
Q

appearance of lipoma

A

mild to highly hyperechoic

118
Q

features of a benign lipoma

A

mobile, compressible

119
Q

Identify: hyperechoic lesion in the abdominal wall, mobile, compressible

A

lipoma

120
Q

appearance of microcystic pancreatic neoplasm

A

well-defined, multiple small cysts - may appear solid and hyperechoic due to multiple cystic interfaces

121
Q

size of microcystic pancreatic neoplasm

A

less than 2 cm

122
Q

most common location for microcystic pancreatic neoplasm

A

pancreatic head

123
Q

microcystic pancreatic neoplasm, aka

A

pancreatic serous cystadenoma

124
Q

pancreatic serous cystadenoma, aka

A

microcystic pancreatic neoplasm

Abdomen & Superficial Structures (7 decks)

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