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BDS2 BAMS Diseases of Human Systems > Benign Haematology > Flashcards

Benign Haematology Flashcards

have knowledge of components of blood, anaemia and its oral manifestations and haematology blood tests

1
Q

what are the components of blood?

4

A

plasma
white blood cells (neutrophils, monocytes, B/T cells, granulocytes)
red blood cells
platelets

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2
Q

what does - leuko refer to?

A

white blood cell

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3
Q

what does -erythro refer to?

A

red blood cell

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4
Q

what does thrombocyto refer to?

A

platelet

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5
Q

what does pan/poly refer to?

A

all blood cells

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6
Q

what does -cytosis refer to?

A

excess of

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7
Q

what does -penia refer to?

A

lack of

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8
Q

what does microcytic mean?

A

small cell size

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9
Q

what does normocytic mean?

A

normal cell size

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10
Q

what does macrocytic mean?

A

large cell size

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11
Q

what is the purpose of blood?

A

transport oxygen, hormones, nutrients, waste
clotting
immunity - B cells, T cells
temperature regulation

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12
Q

where is blood formed and what kind of cells can they become?

3

A

bone marrow
* myeloid lineage
* lymphoid lineage

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13
Q

what is anaemia?

A

low haemoglobin in the blood

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14
Q

what is haemoglobin and its composition and what does it do?

3

A

protein found in red blood cells with iron haem groups
transports oxygen around the body
composed of 2 alpha chains and 2 beta chains with 4 iron haem groups

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15
Q

what is the lifespan of a red blood cell and where is it broken down?

2

A

120 days
brokwn down in spleen and liver

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16
Q

what are the causes of anaemia?

4

A

impaired production - lack of raw materials, EPO,, marrow issue
increased breakdown - issue with RBC, haemoglobin, autoimmune haemolysis
increased demand - pregnancy, growth phases
increased blood loss - acute bleed, mestural bleeding, gastrointestinal losses e.g. cancer

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17
Q

what are the symptoms of anaemia?

4

A

tiredness
shortness of breath
dizziness
palpitations

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18
Q

what are the signs of anaemia?

4

A

pale skin
conjunctival pallor
angular cheilitis
koilonychia - spoon shaped nails

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19
Q

what does iron deficiency anaemia result in and how is it caused?

1,4

A

results in impaired haemoglobin production so RBCs are smaller (microlytic)
caused by:
* reduced dietary intake
* impaired absorption (duodenum)
* increased loss (menstrual, GI bleeding)
* increased demands (pregnancy, growth)

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20
Q

where does iron absorption take place? what can reduce absorption?

1,2

A

mainly in duodenum, requires stomach acid
reduced absorption if:
* inflammation in duodenum (coeliacs disease)
* lack of stomach acid (PPI - omeprazole)

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21
Q

what is needed for the production of red blood cells?

5

A

EPO - erythropoietin
iron
vitamin B12
folic acid
protein

22
Q

what causes vitamin B12 deficiency and how does it affect the RBCs?

4

A

reduced intake
impaired absorption (ileum)
medication side effect (metformin)
results in macrolytic RBCs - large

23
Q

what are the features and management of vitamin B12 deficiency?

3,2

A

features
* anaemia symptoms
* peripheral neuropathy
* visual changes
management
* oral supplementation
* intra-muscular supplementation

24
Q

where does vitamin B12 absorptio take place? what are the causes of impaired absorption?

1,4

A

absorbed in the ileum, required intrinsic factor produced in parietal cells in stomach
causes of impaired absorption:
* pernicious anaemia (no intrinsic factor)
* gastrectomy
* crohn’s disease (ileum inflammation)
* following bowel surgery

25
Q

what is vitamin B12 important in and what does deficiency cause?

2,3

A

formation of red blood cells
important in neurone function
deficiency causes:
* neuropathy
* balance disturbance
* visual changes

26
Q

what is pernicious anaemia?

A

autoimmune condition where antibodies destroy parietal cells in stomach and can target intrinsic factor itself so no absorption of vitamin B12 in ileum

27
Q

how is pernicious anaemia diagnosed?

A

blood test to test for antibodies that destroy the parietal cells and intrinsic factor

28
Q

how is pernicious anaemia managed?

A

intramuscular supplement (3 monthly)

29
Q

where is folic acid absorbed and what causes its deficiency?

1,4

A

absorbed in the jejunum
caused by:
* dietary
* medications (methotrexate)
* alcohol excess
* bowel inflammation

30
Q

what are the symptoms of folic acid deficiency?

4

A

fatigue
weakness
mouth ulcers
neurological issues

31
Q

what are the basic investigations for anaemia?

3

A

full blood count
haemantinics blood test
endoscopy/colonoscopy

32
Q

what are the haematinics?

3

A

ferritin
folate
vitamin B12

33
Q

what are the important parameters in a full blood count for anaemia and what are the normal ranges for adults?

4

A

haemoglobin (M:135-180 F:115-160)
white blood cells (4.00-11.00)
platelets (150-400)
mean cell colume (78-100)

34
Q

when would a RBC be microlytic?

3

A

iron deficiency
thalassaemia
lead poisoning

35
Q

when would a RBC be normolytic?

3

A

bleeding
kidney disease
anaemia of chronic disease

36
Q

when would a RBC be macrolytic?

3

A

folic acid deficiency
B12 deficiency
alcohol excess

37
Q

what is thalassaemia and what does it result in?

A

genetic defect in the chains of haemoglobin (autosomal recessive)
results in alpha-thalassaemia or beta-thalassaemia
RBCs are more fragile and microlytic

38
Q

what organ in the body destroys faulty red blood cells?

A

spleen detects and destroys red blood cells

39
Q

how do you manage thalassaemia?

4

A

monitoring
blood transfusions
splenectomy
bone marrow

40
Q

what is sickle cell anaemia and what does it result in?

A

genetic condition - autosomal recessive
results in crescent shaped RBCs which are more fragile and easily destroyed

41
Q

what complications can trigger a crisis of sickle cell anaemia?

A

dehydration
infection
stress
cold weather

42
Q

what are the ways to manage sickle cell anaemia?

5

A

avoid triggers
antibiotic prophylaxis
specialist medications
blood transfusions
bone marrow transplant

43
Q

what are the oral manifestations of anaemia?

6

A

angular cheilitis
mucosal atrophy
glossitis - smooth or beefy tongue
recurrent aphtous stomatitis
candidal infection
oral dysaethesia - burning mouth

44
Q

what is the test called that is done before a blood tranfusion?

A

cross-matching - sample taken from recipient and tested against donor’s blood

45
Q

what are the complications of blood transfusions?

5

A

transfusion associated fever
incompatible blood (mis-match)
fluid overload
anaphylaxis
infection

46
Q

what are the important antigens on red blood cells?

5

A

A
B
O
AB
rhesus (+/-)

47
Q

what are the important antibodies in the blood and which groups what which?

4

A

anti-B (group A)
anti-A (group B)
none (group AB)
anti-A and anti-B (group O)

48
Q

what blood can a person with type A+ recieve?

A

A+
A-
O+
O-

49
Q

what blood can a person with type AB- recieve?

A

AB-
A-
B-
O-

50
Q

what blood can a person with type AB+ recieve?

A

all blood types
A+ A-
B+ B-
O+ O-
AB+ AB-

BDS2 BAMS Diseases of Human Systems (12 decks)

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