Benchmark 1 Flashcards
Jamestown cash crop
Tobacco
Beringia
Dry land that connected Asia with the North America (Alaska). Exposed during the ice ages and people from Asia crossed it in search of food
Great awakening
Religious movement that stressed dependence on god and gained wide appeal among farmers, workers, and slaves. Pietism, revivals, Johnathon Edwards, George Whitefield, undermined allegiance to traditional authority
Southern economy
Based on commercial agriculture. Cash crops: tobacco, rice, and indigo. Plantations created
First permanent English settlement
Jamestown
Navigation Acts
All goods imported or exported from the colonies to be on English ships with 3/4 English crew. Specific goods could only be sold to England. Frustrated colonists.
Mayflower compact
By signing this document, the pilgrims wanted to set up a legal basis for their new colony
House of Burgesses
First representative government in the colonies (VA)
John Locke
Two Treatises of Gov’t- said that all people were born with certain natural rights. People agreed to obey govt and its laws, and govt agreed to uphold their rights in return
Natural rights
Life, liberty, and property -John Locke
St. Augustine
Founded by Spanish in 1565 to protect their claim to the region after France tried to settle the Carolinas. The city prospered and became first permanent town est. by the Europeans in what is today the US.
Mercantilism
Popular idea in the 1600s and 1700s. Believed to be wealthy and powerful a country must get gold and silver. Sell more goods than buy. Self sufficient in raw materials.
MA bay colony
William and Mary’s 1691 charter combined the MA bay colony, Plymouth colony, and Maine into the colony of MA
First continental congress
Sept. 5, 1774- Philadelphia. 55 delegates represented 12 of colonies. After the tea party. Created declaration of rights and grievances.
Townshend acts
1767- one of these acts was the revenue act of 1767 which legalized writs of assistance
Albany plan of union
Ben Franklin- proposed colonies unite to form federal govt. Rejected by colonies.
Lexington and concord
1775- British soldiers fired at and killed some minutemen in Lexington and fought colonial militia in concord. Revere, Dawes, and Prescott warned the cities. British trapped in Boston by May 1775
Causes of French and Indian War
Britain and France fighting over Ohio river valley
Isaac Sears
Organized sons of liberty
Second continental congress
Met after Lexington and concord. Adopted militia surrounding Boston (continental army). June 15, 1775 George Washington appointed as general and commander in chief
Treaty of Paris
Ended French and Indian war in 1763
Intolerable acts
Coercive acts and Quebec act
Proclamation of 1763
Drew line from north to south along the Appalachian mountains and declared that the colonists couldn’t settle west of the line without British govts permission
Cause of boston tea party
Tea act of 1773, colonists didn’t want tea ships to land on harbor
Common Sense
Thomas Paine- attacked king George III, influenced colonist’s desire for independence.
Paul revere
Spread alarm that British were coming to Lexington
Battle of Saratoga
American victory was turning point in war. Improved American morale and convinced France to send troops to American cause
Sugar act
Indirect tax- British officials could seize goods without due process
Effects of crusades
Revolutionized European society and encouraged a new desire for exploration. Feudalism, manorialism, serfs, brought Western Europeans in contact with Muslim and Byzantine civilizations, trade with Asia led to exploration
Renaissance
Marked a renewed commitment to learning and helped to trigger a scientific revolution
Columbus
Sailed across Atlantic looking for western route to Asia, landed in Caribbean (San Salvador island)
Reformation
Martin Luther, John Calvin. Pope wouldn’t annul king Henry III’s marriage so he broke with the Catholic Church and formed the Anglican Church
Conquistadors
Explores sent by Cortés to conquer the rest of new Spain
Columbian exchange
Trade between Europe and America allowing for the two areas to interact
Magna Carta
Contained John Locke’s ideas about natural rights
Montesquieu
Wrote spirit of the laws, suggested three types of political power (executive, legislative, and judicial) with checks and balances
Olive branch petition
Written by John Dickinson, stating that the colonies were still loyal to the king and asked for George III to call off hostilities until the situation could be worked out peacefully
Patrick Henry
Give me liberty or give me death
Samuel Adams
Drafted circular letter in 1768 for MA assembly against townshend acts
Valley forge
Dark hour for patriots who didn’t know if they could defeat Britain
Northwest passage
Northern route through North America to the Pacific Ocean. King Francis I sent Giovanni da Verrazano to map North America’s coastline to find this
Enlightenment
Challenged authority of church in science and philosophy while elevating the power of human reason. Rationalism, John Locke, Montesquieu, Rousseau
English bill of rights
Abolish kings absolute power to suspend laws and create his own courts, etc.
Social contract theory
Rousseau- govt should be formed by the consent of the people who would make their own laws
