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PARASITOLOGY_INTRODUCTION > BELIZARIO_CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION TO MEDICAL PARASITOLOGY > Flashcards

BELIZARIO_CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION TO MEDICAL PARASITOLOGY Flashcards

1
Q

The area of biology concerned with the phenomenon of dependence of one living organism on another.

A

Parasitology

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2
Q

Branch of parasitology concerned primarily with parasites that affect humans and their medical significance, as well as their importance in human communities.

A

Medical Parasitology

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3
Q

A branch of medicine that deals with tropical diseases and other special medical problems of tropical regions.

A

Tropical Medicine

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4
Q

An illness that is indigenous to or endemic in a tropical area but may also occur in sporadic or epidemic proportions in areas that are not tropical.

A

Tropical disease

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5
Q

TRUE or FALSE:

Many tropical diseases are parasitic diseases.

A

TRUE

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6
Q

A relationship (“living together”) between two unlike organisms

A

Symbiosis

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7
Q

A symbiotic relationship in which two species live together and one species benefits from the relationship without harming or benefiting the other.

A

Commensalism

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8
Q

A symbiotic relationship where two organisms benefit from each other.

A

Mutualism

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9
Q

A symbiotic relationship where one organism lives in or on another for its survival and usually at the expense of the host.

A

Parasitism

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10
Q

Identify the symbiotic relationship involved:

Entamoeba coli living in the intestinal lumen of the host.

A

Commensalism

NOTE:
E. coli is nourished and protected from harm but does not cause damage to the tissue of its host.

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11
Q

Identify the symbiotic relationship involved:

Entamoeba histolytica living in the intestinal lumen of its host.

A

Parasitism

NOTE:
E. histolytica deprives the host from nutrition and causes amebic dysentery.

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12
Q

Identify the symbiotic relationship involved:

Flagellates and termites

A

Mutualism

NOTE:
Flagellates are protected inside the termites’ guts and the termites benefit from the flagellates by synthesizing cellulase to aid in the breakdown of ingested wood (Termites cannot digest cellulose by themselves)

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13
Q

A parasite living inside the body of a host is termed as ______________.

A

Endoparasite

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14
Q

A parasite living outside the body of a host is termed as _____________.

A

Ectoparasite

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15
Q

When an endoparasite is present in a host, the harm caused is called ___________.

A

Infection

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16
Q

When an ectoparasite is present on a host, the harm caused is called ____________.

A

Infestation

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16
Q

When an ectoparasite is present on a host, the harm caused is called ____________.

A

Infestation

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17
Q

The term used for parasites who are found in an organ that is not its usual habitat.

A

Erratic

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18
Q

Parasites who need a host at some stage of the life cycle to complete their development and to propagate their species are called _________.

A

Obligate parasites

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19
Q

A type of parasite who may exist in a free-living state or become parasitic when the need arises.

A

Facultative

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20
Q

A parasite who establishes itself in a host where it does not ordinarily live.

A

Accidental/Incidental parasite

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21
Q

A parasite is said to be ___________ when it remains on or in the body of the host for its entire life.

A

Permanent

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22
Q

A parasite is __________ when it lives on or in the body of the host for a short period of time.

A

Temporary

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23
Q

A __________ parasite is a free-living organism that passes through the digestive tract without infecting the host.

A

Spurious

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24
Q

A ________ host is a host in which the parasite attains sexual maturity.

A

Definitive/Final

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25
Q

A type of host which harbors the asexual or larval stage of the parasite.

A

Intermediate

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26
Q

TRUE or FALSE:

There can be more than one intermediate host.

A

TRUE

Some organisms have first and second intermediate hosts.

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27
Q

A type of host in which the parasite does not develop further to later stages but is able to remain alive and infect another susceptible host.

A

Paratenic

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28
Q

These types of hosts are capable of widening the parasite distribution and bridging the ecological gap between the definitive and intermediate hosts.

A

Paratenic

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29
Q

Type of hosts who harbor and allow the parasite’s life cycle to continue and become additional sources of human infection.

A

Reservoir

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30
Q

TRUE or FALSE:

Humans are always the final hosts.

A

FALSE

Humans may be considered the most important host in the spread of disease or an incidental host of parasites prevalent in other animals but they are not always the final hosts.

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31
Q

These are responsible for transmitting the parasite from one host to another.

A

Vectors

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32
Q

Two types of vectors

A
  • Biological
  • Mechanical/Phoretic
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33
Q

This vector transmits the parasite only after the latter has complete its development within the host and is therefore an essential part of a parasite’s life cycle.

A

Biological

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34
Q

This vector is responsible only for the transportation of the parasite.

A

Phoretic/Mechanical

35
Q

TRUE or FALSE:

Majority of parasites are pathogens.

A

TRUE

NOTE:
Parasites often cause harm to their hosts.

36
Q

One who harbors a particular pathogen without manifesting signs and symptoms is termed as _________.

A

Carrier

37
Q

The process of inoculating an infective agent

A

Exposure

38
Q

This connotes the establishment of the infective agent in the host.

A

Infection

39
Q

This is the period between infection and evidence of symptoms.

A

Incubation period (or Clinical incubation period)

40
Q

This is the period between infection or acquisition of the parasite and evidence or demonstration of an infection.

A

Pre-patent period (or Biologic incubation period)

41
Q

This happens when an infected individual becomes his own direct source of infection

A

Autoinfection

42
Q

This happens when the already infected individual is further infected with the same species leading to massive infection with the parasite.

A

Superinfection or hyperinfection

43
Q

Most common sources of parasitic infection

A

Contaminated soil and water

44
Q

These are vectors of malaria and filarial parasites

A

Mosquitoes

45
Q

These are carriers of Trypanosoma cruzi causing Chagas disease.

A

Triatoma bugs

46
Q

Natural vectors of all types of Leishmania

A

Sand flies

47
Q

Parasites capable of autoinfection

A
  • Capillaria philippinensis
  • Enterobius vermicularis
  • Hymenolepis nana
  • Strongyloides stercoralis
48
Q

The most common portal of entry which causes infection

A

Mouth

49
Q

Parasites who have skin penetration as route of transmission

A
  • Strongyloides (exposure of skin to soil)
  • Hookworms (exposure of skin to soil)
  • Schistosoma spp. (enters skin via water)
50
Q

TRUE or FALSE:
Arthropods are capable of being vectors by transmitting parasites through their bites.

A

TRUE

51
Q

TRUE or FALSE:
Congenital transmission and transmammary infection may be modes of acquiring infection.

A

TRUE

NOTE:
* Congenital transmission (Toxoplasma gondii can cross placental barrier during pregnancy)
* Transmammary infection (Ancylostoma and Strongyloides can be transmitted through mother’s milk)

52
Q

TRUE or FALSE:

Animals parasites are classified according to the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature.

A

TRUE

53
Q

Complete the Hierarchy of Nomenclature:
* Domain
* Kingdom
* A
* B
* C
* D
* E
* F
* G
* H

A

A: Phylum
B: Class
C: Order
D: Suborder
E: Family
F: Genus
G: Species
H: Subspecies

54
Q

TRUE or FALSE:
Generic names consist of a single word written in initial capital letter

A

TRUE

Example:
Trichomonas

55
Q

TRUE or FALSE:
Specific names must begin in capital letter.

A

FALSE:

Names of species always begin in small letter.

Example:
Genus – Trichomonas
Species – vaginalis

Trichomonas vaginalis (must be italicized)

56
Q

TRUE or FALSE:

The more complicated the life cycle of a parasite, the lesser chances are for them to survive.

A

TRUE

57
Q

This is the study of patterns, distribution, and occurrence of disease.

A

Epidemiology

58
Q

The number of new cases of infection appearing in a population in a given period of time is termed as _________.

A

Incidence

59
Q

The number of individuals in a population estimated to be infected with a particular parasite species at a given time is termed as ___________.

A

Prevalence

NOTE:
Prevalence is usually expressed as percentage.

60
Q

This is the percentage of individuals in a population infected with at least one parasite.

A

Cumulative prevalence

61
Q

This refers to burden of infection that is related to the number of worms per infected person.

A

Intensity of infection

NOTE:
This may be measured directly or indirectly and can be referred to as worm burden.

62
Q

Clinical consequences of infections or diseases that affect an individual’s well-being refer to __________.

A

Morbidity

63
Q

The use of antihelminthic drugs in an individual or a public health program.

A

Deworming

64
Q

This refers to the number of previously positive subjects found to be egg negative on examination of a stool or urine sample using a standard procedure at a set time after deworming.

A

Cure rate

NOTE:
This is often expressed as percentage

65
Q

The percentage fall in egg counts after deworming based on examination of a stool or urine sample using a standard procedure at a same time after the treatment is termed as _________.

A

Egg reduction rate (ERR)

66
Q

This involves individual-level deworming with selection for treatment based on a diagnosis of infection or assessment of intensity of infection.

A

Selective treatment

NOTE:
This can be used in whole populations or in defined risk groups.

67
Q

This is a group-level deworming where the risk group to be treated (without prior diagnosis) may be defined by age, sex, or other social characteristics irrespective of infection status.

A

Targeted treatment

68
Q

A population-level deworming in which the community is treated irrespective of age, sex, infection status, or other social characteristics.

A

Universal treatment

69
Q

The regular, systematic, large-scale intervention involving the administration of one or more drugs to selected population groups with the aim of reducing morbidity and transmission of selected helminth infections.

A

Preventive chemotherapy

70
Q

This refers to the proportion of the target population reached by an intervention.

A

Coverage

71
Q

The effect of a drug against an infective agent is termed as __________.

A

Efficacy

72
Q

The measure of the effect of a drug against an infective agent in a particular host, living in a particular environment with specific ecological, immunological, and epidemiological determinants.

A

Effectiveness

73
Q

TRUE or FALSE:
Measurement of effectiveness may be qualitative or quantitative.

A

TRUE

74
Q

This is the indicator to measure reduction in prevalence.

A

Cure rate

75
Q

This is the indicator to measure reduction in intensity of infection.

A

Egg reduction rate

76
Q

The genetically transmitted loss of susceptibility to a drug in a parasite population that was previously sensitive to the appropriate therapeutic dose.

A

Drug resistance

77
Q

The avoidance of illness caused by infections

A

Morbidity control

78
Q

A health education strategy that aims to encourage people to adapt and maintain healthy life practices.

A

Information-education-communication (IEC)

79
Q

This refers to the planning, organization, performance, and monitoring of activities for the modification and/or manipulation of environmental factors or their interaction with human beings with a view to preventing or minimizing vector or intermediate host propagation and reducing contact between humans and the infective agent.

A

Environmental management

80
Q

This involves the interventions to reduce environmental health risks including the safe disposal and hygienic management of human and animal excreta, refuse, and waste water.

A

Environmental sanitation

81
Q

This involves the control of vectors, intermediate hosts, and reservoirs of disease as well as the provision of safe drinking water and food safety, shelter quality, and safe and healthy working conditions.

A

Environmental sanitation

82
Q

The provision of access to adequate facilities for the safe disposal of human excreta, usually combined with safe access to safe drinking water.

A

Sanitation

83
Q

This is defined as a permanent reduction to zero of the worldwide incidence of infection caused by a specific agent, as a result of deliberate efforts.

A

Disease eradication

84
Q

This is the reduction to zero of the incidences of a specified disease in a defined geographic area as a result of deliberate efforts.

A

Disease elimination

85
Q

ERADICATION or ELIMINATION?

Continued interventions or surveillance measures are still required.

A

Elimination

NOTE:
Once disease eradication is achieved, continued measures are no longer required/necessary.

PARASITOLOGY_INTRODUCTION (1 decks)

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