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Sociology > Beliefs in Society - topic 2 -religions and social change > Flashcards

Beliefs in Society - topic 2 -religions and social change Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Religion as a conservative force: In which 2 ways does religion act as a conservative force?

A

It defends traditionalist customs
Holds beliefs and functions that conserve or preserve things in stabilising society.

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2
Q

Religion as a conservative force: What do they mean by defending traditionalsit custsoms?

A

Often conservative beliefs about moral issues e.g anti abortion
Patriarchal

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3
Q

Religion as a conservative force: How can it help stabilise society?

A

it promotes social solidarity and reduces the need for individuals to pursue their own selfish beliefs and cause societies downfall.

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4
Q

Weber: religion as a force for change: Give an example of religion being a force for change?

A

Religious beliefs of Calvinism helped bring about major social change

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5
Q

Weber: religion as a force for change: What are the similarities between Calvinism and capitalism?

A

the modern-day people are more systematic in pursuing profit

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6
Q

Weber: religion as a force for change; Calvinist beliefs include what 4 things?

A

Predestination
Divine transcendence
Asceticism
the idea of vocation or calling

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7
Q

Weber: religion as a force for change; Calvinist beliefs: What does predestination mean?

A

God has predetermined who will go to heaven (‘the elect’) and nothing we do can alter that

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8
Q

Weber: religion as a force for change; Calvinist beliefs: What does Divine transcendence
mean?

A

God is so far above human understanding and no mortal can claim to know anything about him

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9
Q

Weber: religion as a force for change; Calvinist beliefs: What does Asceticism mean?

A

(abstinence , self-discipline and self-denial

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10
Q

Weber: religion as a force for change; Calvinist beliefs: What does the idea of vocation or callingmean?

A

(vocation: other-worldly asceticism in renouncing all personal goods to join a convent or monastery and this-worldly asceticism (introduced by Calvinism) methodical, rigorous work in an occupation

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11
Q

Weber: religion as a force for change; Calvinist beliefs: What does hard work give them?

A

. This hard work would produce a psychological function that allowed them to cope with their salvation panic through their accumulating wealth and their work would produce much riches that they’d invest in profit not luxuries

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12
Q

Weber: religion as a force for change: What were the causes of modern capitalism?

A

Calvinism
a number of material or economic factors e.g. natural resources, trade or a money economy

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13
Q

Weber: religion as a force for change: What were the causes of modern capitalism?However there have been a number of other societies that have had a higher level of economic development but hasn’t developed modern capitalism, Weber argues that this is due to what?

A

the lack of a religious belief system alike to Calvinism

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14
Q

Weber: religion as a force for change: Hinduism and Confucianism: How is hinduism similar to calvinism?

A

Hinduism was an ascetic religion like Calvinism

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15
Q

Weber: religion as a force for change: Hinduism and Confucianism: How is hinduism similar to calvinism?

A

its orientation was this-worldly asceticism in how it directed its follower’s attention away from material goods.

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16
Q

Weber: religion as a force for change: Hinduism and Confucianism: How is Confucianism similar to calvinism?

A

Confucianism (in ancient China) was a this-worldly religion - focused on this current lifetime/ this world

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17
Q

Weber: religion as a force for change: Hinduism and Confucianism: How is Confucianism similar to calvinism?

A

wasn’t ascetic, so wasn’t disciplined.

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18
Q

Weber: religion as a force for change: Hinduism and Confucianism: Why did these two cultures not undergo rapid social change?

A

Both Hinduism and Confucianism lacked the drive to develop a modern capitalist system unlike many western cultures, therefore they didn’t under go social change due to the other factors other than Calvinism.

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19
Q

Weber EVALUATION: GOOD?

A

Weber took a different view to Marx, who believed that it was solely economic factors that encourages change, he believed that cultural aspects also took influence

Marshall argues however that this is due to the lack of investment and skilled labour (supports the idea of material and cultural importance).

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20
Q

Weber EVALUATION:BAD?

A

Kautsky (1926) argues that Weber overestimates the roles of ideas and underestimates the economic factors in bringing capitalism.
Tawney (1926) believes that the roles of technology takes the vital influence in capitalism, not religious ideas.
Scotland had many Calvinist follower’s; however, capitalism was slow to develop.

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21
Q

Weber EVALUATION:BAD:Kautsky: What did he say?

A

Kautsky (1926) argues that Weber overestimates the roles of ideas and underestimates the economic factors in bringing capitalism.

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22
Q

Weber EVALUATION:BAD:Kautsky: What did he say?

A

Tawney (1926) believes that the roles of technology takes the vital influence in capitalism, not religious ideas.

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23
Q

Weber EVALUATION:BAD: Tawney : What is the relevance of scotland?

A

Scotland had many Calvinist follower’s; however, capitalism was slow to develop.

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24
Q

Religion and social protest:The American civil rights movement: How did it begin?

A

The civil rights movement began in 1955 when Rosa Parks refused to move for a white person on a segregated bus which began the Bus Boycott

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25
Q

Religion and social protest:The American civil rights movement: Who played an important role in the movement?

A

Bruce argues that the black clergy were the back bone of the civil right movement,
Dr Martin Luther King played an important role in through his speeches and rallies

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26
Q

Religion and social protest:The American civil rights movement: What were churches used for?

A

Churches providing meeting places and sanctuary from threat or white violence

27
Q

Religion and social protest:The American civil rights movement: In what 4 ways did religion help the american civil rights movement?

A

taking the moral high ground
channelling dissent
acting as an honest broker
mobilising public opinion

28
Q

Religion and social protest:The American civil rights movement: In what 4 ways did religion help the american civil rights movement: channelling dissent
ground: What does this mean?

A

the funeral of Martin Luther King was a rallying point

29
Q

Religion and social protest:The American civil rights movement: In what 4 ways did religion help the american civil rights movement: acting as an honest broker
What does this mean?

A

(churches provide a context for negotiation as they’re respected by both sides)

30
Q

Religion and social protest:The American civil rights movement: In what 4 ways did religion help the american civil rights movement: mobilising public opinion What does this mean?

A

(Black churches in the South all campaigned their support across America)

31
Q

Religion and social protest:The American civil rights movement: In what 4 ways did religion help the american civil rights movement: Taking the moral high ground: What does this mean?

A

pointing out the hypocrisy of ‘love thy neighbour’ and the hate

32
Q

Religion and social protest:The American civil rights movement: What does dissent mean?

A

Disagreeing with the current popular opinion

33
Q

Religion and social protest:The New Christian Right: Who are they?

A

A politically and morally conservative group that aimed to bring America ‘back to God

34
Q

Religion and social protest:The New Christian Right: What are some of their beliefs?

A

they believed in traditional gender roles and campaigned against abortion, homosexuality and divorce.

35
Q

Religion and social protest:The New Christian Right: How did they try and spread their message?

A

They used church owned media stations and televangelism to broadcast programmes aimed at recruiting new members

36
Q

Religion and social protest:The New Christian Right: How successful were they?

A

The New Christian Right was largely unsuccessful due to how it lacked widespread support, and their followers found difficulty in cooperating with people from other and similar religious groups.

37
Q

Religion and social protest:The New Christian Right: Why were they so unsuccessful>?

A

Comparisons between both groups suggest that religiously motivated protests need to be consistent with those of wider society, they need to comply to mainstream beliefs about democracy, equality and religious freedom.

38
Q

Religion and social protest:Marxism, religion and change: Engels argues what?

A

although religion inhibits social change through its ideology, it can also encourage it

39
Q

Religion and social protest:Marxism, religion and change: Engels: Give an example of religions encouraging social change?

A

preaching liberation from slavery and misery. Also, senior clergy have been known to support the lower ranks and encourage protests for social change.

40
Q

Religion and social protest:Marxism, religion and change:Bloch (1959): What is his opinion?

A

Bloch (1959) sees religion as having a dual character, a view that religion recognises both positive and negative aspects on social change.
Religion while inhibiting social change can also act as ‘the principle of hope’ which is a view of utopia that we all strive towards through social change

41
Q

Religion and social protest: Liberation theology: Where was this occuring?

A

Latin America

42
Q

Religion and social protest: Liberation theology: What was the situation in latin america?

A

Within Latin America, there was deepening poverty, human rights abuses and a growing commitment amongst catholic priests that supported violations of the poor and oppressed.

43
Q

Religion and social protest: Liberation theology: Who took the side of the oppressed?

A

During the 1970s it was often only priests who took the side pf the oppressed

44
Q

Religion and social protest: Liberation theology: What did dictators do>?

A

when dictators would torture and murder those to hold onto power.

45
Q

Religion and social protest: Liberation theology: Liberation theology set out to do what?

A

change society by providing support groups, fought the oppression and protected many.

46
Q

Religion and social protest: Liberation theology: Why did the movement lose influence?

A

e after the pope condemned the liberation theology for resembling Marxism

47
Q

Religion and social protest: Liberation theology: Was it effective?

A

it created a legitimate change in how the poor were treated as it encouraged and support the social change

48
Q

Religion and social protest: Liberation theology: Due to the success of liberation theology, Maduro and Lowy both therefore questioned what?

A

the Marxist principle that religion always legitimates oppression and inhibits social change

49
Q

Religion and social protest: Liberation theology: What did pentecostal churches do?

A

Pentecostal churches have come up against liberation theology how they took one step further in helping individuals get out of poverty which was supported by church pastors (more conservative solution through self-improvement while liberation theology was more radical)

50
Q

Religion and social protest: Millenarian movements: It describe the belief of what?

A

Millenarian movements describe the belief in judgement day and the end of the world

51
Q

Religion and social protest: Millenarian movements: Worsley (1968) noted that beliefs included what?

A

Worsley (1968) noted that beliefs included heaven on Earth, a life free from pain, death and sin, groups were to be saved not individuals

52
Q

Religion and social protest: Millenarian movements:The appeal of millenarian movements was largely to which group of people? Why?

A

The appeal of millenarian movements was largely to the poor as they believed after their lifetimes of being oppressed would be rewarded in immediate gratification

53
Q

Religion and social protest: Millenarian movements: What did the cargo cults do?

A

Many native ‘cargo cults’ who performed millenarian movements against the colonials who stole their material good and land were the first ‘pre-political’ group who used this view of religion to fuel their protests and spread their views.

54
Q

Religion and social protest: Gramsci and hegemony: What is hegemony?

A

Leadership of one social group over the others

55
Q

Religion and social protest: Gramsci and hegemony: Is hegemony guaranteed in sociewty?

A

Hegemony is never guaranteed in society due to how the lower classes can create their own counter hegemony to challenge the ruling classes

56
Q

Religion and social protest: Gramsci and hegemony: Gramsci argues that popular forms of religion can help workers do what?

A

Gramsci argues that popular forms of religion can help workers see through the ruling class ideology, clergy can act as ‘organic intellectuals’ who teach the workers of their situation

57
Q

Religion and social protest: Gramsci and hegemony: Gramsci was interested in how the ruling class used hegemony to do what?

A

maintain their control over the working class

58
Q

Religion and social protest: Gramsci and hegemony: Billings (1990) What two groups did he study?

A

coal miners and textile workers

59
Q

Religion and social protest: Gramsci and hegemony: What were the three ways identified in which religion was either supported or challenged by the employers hegemony:

A

leadership
organisation
support

60
Q

Religion and social protest: Gramsci and hegemony: Billings (1990) : Describe the leadership differences in the two groups?

A

(the miners benefitted from having organic intellectuals, textiles workers lacked leadership),

61
Q

Religion and social protest: Gramsci and hegemony: Billings (1990) : Describe the leadership differences in the two groups?

A

:)

62
Q

Religion and social protest: Gramsci and hegemony: Billings (1990) : Describe the organisation differences in the two groups?

A

(churches were used as meeting spaces for miners, textile workers had nothing

63
Q

Religion and social protest: Gramsci and hegemony: Billings (1990) : Describe the support differences in the two groups?

A

(the churches kept miners morale high in sermons and singing whereas the textile workers had opposition from the church if attending a union meeting)

Sociology (17 decks)

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