Behaviourist explanation of phobias

Question 1

Classical conditioning
(5 steps)

Answer 1

UCS
NS
CS
UCR
CR

Question 2

Classical conditioning is learning through…

Answer 2

…association

Question 3

Study for classical conditioning

Answer 3

Little Albert study-pairing striking steel bar with white rats to induce phobia of white rats

Question 4

Phobia-model?

Answer 4

2 process model
-CC
-OC

Question 5

Who introduced the two-process model

Answer 5

Mowrer (1947)

Question 6

Classical conditioning definition

Answer 6

associate something we initially do not fear (neutral stimulus)with something that already triggers a fear response (UCR)

Question 7

Operant conditioning is…

Answer 7

…negative or positive reinforcement

Question 8

Negative reinforcement

Answer 8

about avoidance, not confronting phobic stimulus and so maintaining it

Question 9

Positive reinforcement

Answer 9

feeling pleasant/relieved that haven’t confronted phobic stimulus

Question 9

So 2-process model…

Answer 9

…CC= learning the phobia
OC=maintaining the phobia

Question 10

So operant conditioning…

Answer 10

…increases frequency of a behaviour (escape fear and anxiety)

Question 11

Eval (+ve)

Answer 11

-Little Albert

Question 12

Eval (-ve)

Answer 12

-DiNardo’s findings that + than 1/2 of those ppl who had been bitten did not develop phobia of dogs
(there are other factors, don’t just learn from one association)
-also difficulty to explain cases when there is no history of contact with phobia object (e.g in DiNardo’s study some had phobia but hadn’t been bitten)
-Mineka (1984) Social Learning Theory (vicarious learning)-found monkeys could develop snake phobias just by watching another monkeys fear