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Psychology > Behaviourist Approaches > Flashcards

Behaviourist Approaches Flashcards

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1
Q

What is objective/objectivity

A

Factual results

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2
Q

What is subjective/subjectivity

A

Influenced by the person’s interpretation

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3
Q

What is empirical data

A

Information coming from research/observation/experience

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4
Q

When was the origin of psychology

A

1500’s study of the soul
1800’s modern psychology shifted to study the mind
The change was the acceptance of the link between conscious mind and biological processes (aided by Darwin evolution theory)

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5
Q

Define introspection

A

The systematic examination of one’s conscious thoughts/feelings

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6
Q

Who used introspection

A

Wilhelm Wundt 1832-1920
Founded modern psychology

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7
Q

Define reductionism

A

Breaking something down into its basic elements without losing properties of the whole
(Wundt’s philosophy)

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8
Q

What was Wundt’s impact with introspection

A

Introspective techniques used in therapy today to rest depression. This impacts economy because people more productive at work

Wundt later realised that introspection could not fully illuminate higher mental processes

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9
Q

Strengths of introspection

A

Founded modern psychology. He performed controlled experiments that could be repeated

Long term impact although he realised limitations it prompted the development of brain scanning used today

Reductionism allows complex ideas to be understood

Helps with depression

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10
Q

Weaknesses of introspection

A

Difficult to obtain objective data/unreliable

Reports may be altered/untruthful

Always a delay between thought/reporting lead to forgetting thoughts

Can’t be used on children/animals

Can’t see why people think those thoughts

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11
Q

Who criticised introspection

A

Watson and skinner (behaviourists)
Criticised its subjectivity because you can’t make generalisations from its use in research. Pushing for systematic scientific methods/controlled lab experiments

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12
Q

What does the behaviourist approach believe

A

Rests on the assumption that all behaviour is learned (also unlearned) Born with a blank slate.

Hard nurture (nature vs nuture)

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13
Q

Define classical conditioning

A

Association of two events that occur together which results in response being transferred from one to another.
Guinea pigs squeaking at salad bag=food

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14
Q

What is Pavlov’s dogs

A

Example of classical conditioning.
Pavlov rang a bell every time fed his dog. Over time the dogs associate the bell with food causing the bell to induce salivation.

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15
Q

Define unconditioned stimulus

A

Naturally has the power to produce a response

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16
Q

Define conditioned stimulus

A

Previously neural stimulus that squires the ability to produce specific response

17
Q

Define neutral stimulus

A

Something in environment which doesn’t cause a response

18
Q

Define unconditioned response

A

Natural reflex to unconditioned stimulus

19
Q

Define conditioned response

A

Learned response to something that doesn’t naturally have the power to produce a response

20
Q

Name the four conditioning variations

A

Extinct: CR reduced/disappears because CS is repeatedly presented without UCS

Spontaneous recovery: CR appears in weakened form in response to CS

Generalisation: stimuli similar to CS produced CR

Discrimination: CR only produced in response to CS and no other similar stimuli

21
Q

Who was little Albert

A

Pavlov performed a similar test on Albert to create a fear of white rats due to association

22
Q

How can classical conditioning treat phobias

A

Systematic desensitisation: relaxation techniques combined with gradual increased exposure to fear inducing stimuli

23
Q

Strengths of classical conditioning

A

Supported by multiple experimental studies (can be replicated)

Applied to real world a sky explains phobias and can treat phobias

Positive approach as it suggests behaviour can be changed/ change bad habits

Economic impact is that people are cured of phobias living a more normal life=work/tax

24
Q

Weaknesses of classical conditioning

A

Explains reflexes not all behaviours in response to UCS

Can’t explain all psychological disorders. As not all phobias from association

Ignore biological causes of behaviour/ key genetic differences between individuals

Ethical concerns- little Albert

Lack of generalisability (case studies/animal studies)

25
Q

Define operant conditioning

A

Suggests that the consequences of behaviour (punishment/reward) determine whether a behaviour will be repeated

26
Q

Define the difference between classical and operant conditioning

A

Classical is learned through association of two stimuli. While operant is learning through consequences.

Classical has involuntary response while operant is voluntary

27
Q

Why are rewards/reinforces and punishment used to increase a certain behaviour

A

To increase and decrease a certain behaviour

28
Q

What were the 3 post-behaviour responses skinner identified that can affect behaviour repetition

A

Reinforcers- increase repetition probability both positive/negative

Punishers- decrease repetition probability always negative

Neutral- no increase/decrease likelihood of repetition

29
Q

Describe the Skinner box positive

A

Example of positive reinforcement
Hungry rat in box with lever to dispense food
After a few times in box rat learns that lever=food ( positive consequence)
This consequence of food ensure the action would be repeated (strengthened behaviour)

30
Q

Describe the Skinner box negative

A

Example of negative reinforcement
Rat in box where there is continual electric shocks until turned off by lever
After multiple rounds of electrical shocks ray learns to press lever
The negative consequence of shocks stopping ensured the action would be repeated (strengthened behaviour)

31
Q

Define token economies

A

Token economies are designed to increase desirable behaviour and decrease undesirable behaviour

32
Q

How does token economy work

A

Tokens are given for desirable behaviour
Tokens are traded for access to desirable items/activities
The chosen reward are primary reinforcers
The tokens themselves are secondary reinforces

33
Q

Define and give examples of intrinsic motivation

A

Intrinsic means internal no physical reward.
Enjoyment
Growth
Fun

34
Q

Define and give examples of extrinsic

A

Extrinsic is working towards a physical reward
ProMotion
Prizes
Winning perks

Psychology (4 decks)

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