Behaviourist approach Flashcards
Three assumptions of this approach
Assumption 1 : Humans are born like a blank slate
Assumption 2 : Behaviour is learned through conditioning
Assumption 3: Human and animals learn in similar ways
What is Classical conditioning?
Behaviour is learned through association involves involuntary behaviour
Name of psychologist who studied salivation in dogs?
What happened before conditioning?
What is a UCS, UCR and NS (with an example)?
What happened after conditioning?
1 - Ivan Pavlov
2 - Food becomes –> Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Salivation –> Unconditioned Response (UCR)
3 - UCS - Stimulus we have a natural unlearned response to
UCR - Dog has not learned to salivate in response to food
Neutral Stimulus (NS) - Something we don’t have a natural response to (e,g, Sound of bell)
4 - Bell becomes –> Conditioned stimulus (CS)
Dog learns new conditioned response, associates bell with food.
What is operant conditioning?
Behaviour is learned through reinforcement involves voluntary behaviour
What did B.F. Skinner propose?
Animals can learn to behave in certain ways due to being positively reinforced with food
What is positive reinforcement?
Reinforcement that increases the repetition of positive behaviour
What is negative reinforcement?
Reinforcement strengthens behaviour as it involves escaping something unpleasant
What is punishment?
Weakens behaviour and ultimately should decrease likelihood of behaviour to be repeated
Two studies for Classical and Operant conditioning
B.F. SKINNER - OPERANT CONDITIONING
IVAN PAVLOV - CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
Stimulus -response association
Where we associate our response with a particular stimulus
What is systematic desensitisation and who created it?
What is counter conditioning?
Based on the idea of counter conditioning ( clients learn to associate the phobic object with being relaxed rather than anxious) is used to treat phobic disorders.
Was developed by Joseph Wolpe in the 1950’s
Reciprocal Inhibition
We cannot feel two contrasting emotions at the same time
Desensitiation hierarchy
Series of gradual steps that are determined at the beginning of therapy when the client and therapist work out a hierarchy of feared stimuli from least fearful to most fearful
In vivo desensitiation
Client learns to confront their feared situations directly by learning to relax in the presence of objects or images that would normally cause anxiety
In vitro desensitiation
Patient imagines the phobic object
Which is more successful?
In vivo (Menzies and Clarke 1993)
What is modelling who is it credited to?
When the client watches someone else who is coping well with feared stimulus
What is self-administered SD? What did Humphrey (1993) say it is good for?
Someone exposes themselves to feared stimulus on their own with no psychologist
Effective for treating social phobias
