behaviourist approach Flashcards

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1
Q

names of the researcher in behaviourism

A

Watson
Pavlov
BF skinner

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2
Q

key principle for behaviourists

A

psychology has to be fundamentally scientific the only things that can be measured objectively the stimuli which is the input and the behaviour which were the outputs
the mind and any internal mental processes were fundamentally untestable and any study of the mind would lead to subjective bias.

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3
Q

What was Watsons study show?

A

Watson used a 9month old baby in an experiment to show the importance of the environment and learning in behaviour not instincs

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4
Q

Watson procedure

A

showed the baby a range of stimuli including, fire, monkeys, rabbits, mouse and there was no fear response
conditioning: a white rat was hsown to albert and at the same time a bar was struck behind his head making a loud noise
fear response: after displaying the rat with the loud noise the baby started crying at just the rat.

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5
Q

What is stimuli generalisation?

A

this is when the conditioned fear response happens is still the same with similar stimuli (fur . different pitches of bell and fur coat santas mask)

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6
Q

What is classical conditioning?

A

learning by association

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7
Q

what is temporal association?

A

This is when two stimuli are experienced close together in time and as a result an association is formed

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8
Q

according to pavlov learning happens?

A

learning happens when a neutral stimulus (bell) is consistently paired with a unconditioned stimuli (the food) so that eventually the conditioned stimulus produces a response (the bell)

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9
Q

pavlov conditoning equations

A

food = UCS
drool - UCR
bell = NS
no drool = NR
UCS+NS= UCR
now CS (bell) = CR -drool

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10
Q

what is operant conditioning

A

. This is a type of learning in which behaviour is shaped and maintained by its consequences (learning by trial and error)

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11
Q

what is reinforcement?

A

when the consequence of a behaviour results in an increase likelihood that of the behaviour being repeated

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12
Q

what is positive reinforcement ?

A

when something added increases behaviour (getting food)

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13
Q

what is negative reinforcement?

A

when something is removed (shocks turned off) when we carry out a behaviour to avoid negative consequence taking away an undesireable stimuli

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14
Q

punishment

A

decreases the likelihood of a behaviour being repeated

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15
Q

difference between punishment and reinforcement

A

Punishment is used to discourage a certain behavior. Reinforcement is meant to encourage a particular behavior.

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16
Q

what is positive punishment?

A

Positive punishment is when you add a consequence to unwanted behavior. You do this to make it less appealing.

17
Q

what is negative punishment?

A

taking away a desireable stimulus after a behaviour has occured

18
Q

what is meant by the term extinction

A

if a behaviour has been reinforced and stops being reinforced then it will gradually stop happening

19
Q

primary reinforcers

A

food/ sex/ water
does not need pariing with another stimuli to be reinforcing

20
Q

secondary reinforces

A

is reinforcing due to pairing with a primary reinforcer for example money can buy food

21
Q

Spontaneous recovery

A

occurs when the individual carries out the conditioned response
some time after extinction has occurred.

22
Q

schedules reinforcement

A

behaviour isnt reinforced every time it happens. Some behaviour like gambling on spot machines follow a variable ratio pattern, winning every couple times but not in a predictable pattern, t his is very resistant to extinction and compulsive respnses

23
Q

cons of the behaviourist approach (4)

A

-ethical issues, applied to control human behaviour (gambling and advertisement to buy company’s products)
- strongly deterministic - human behaviour is environmentally determined then this leaves space for free will.
- research mainly done with animals and therefore generalisation to human behaviour can be limited
redutionist approach focuses on lower level of explanation and it lacks validity when it comes to complex behaviours as we experience richer stimulis in our everyday life
-

24
Q

pros of the behaviourist approach

A

use of objective scientific methods , systematic manipulation of variables its controlled so therefore demonstrates a cause and affect relationship confidence
implication - the development of these laws and principles enabled prediction and control of behaviour and how these apply to human behaviours eg classroom management(through the use of reinforcement techniques) and therapy