Behaviourist

Question 1

Classical conditioning (pavlov)

Answer 1

When a uncondtionioned stimulus is paired with an neutral stimulus, the neutral stimulus becomes conditioned leading to a conditioned response.

Question 2

Pavlovs dogs (before conditioning)

Answer 2

• Unconditioned stimuls (UCS) = food
• Unconditioned response (UCR)= salivation
• Neutral stimulus (NS)= bell
• Neutral response= no salivation

Question 3

Pavlovs dogs (during conditioning)

Answer 3

UCS (food) is paired with NS (bell) leading to UCR (salivation)

Question 4

Pavlovs dogs (after conditioning)

Answer 4

Conditioned stimulus (bell) produces conditioned response (salivation)

Question 5

Operant conditioning (skinner)

Answer 5

Learning through reinforcement or punishment.

Question 6

Positive reinforcement

Answer 6

A behaviour produces a satisfying consequence making the behavior more likely to occur in the future

Question 7

Negative reinforcement

Answer 7

A behaviour produces a removal of something unpleasant making the behaviour more likely to occur again.

Question 8

Punishment

Answer 8

A behaviour produces an unpleasant consequence making someone less likely to repeat the behaviour.

Question 9

Skinners box

Answer 9

Pos reinforcement= rat pulls lever produces food (reward)

Neg reinforcement= rat pulls lever to remove electric shocks

Question 10

Strength, pavlov (real world aplications)

Answer 10

• led to development of treatment for phobias (systematic desensitization)
• explanation of SD

Question 11

Strength, skinner (use of experimental method)

Answer 11

• controlled conditions allowing for casual relationship between variables.
• e.g skinners box, manipulating the consequence of behaviour (iv) allowing a measurement of the rats behaviour (dv).
• Allowed to establish the future frequency of the behaviour.

Question 12

Weakness, Pavlov (differences within different species)

Answer 12

• different species have different challenges to survive.
• as a result of this, finding relationships between the UCS and CS can be more difficult in other species.
• Seigalman, used the concept of preparedness to explain this animals are prepared to learn associations that are significant to their survival (food) but are unprepared to those associations that arent (a bell)

Question 13

Weakness, skinner (Study not involving humans)

Answer 13

-reliance on animals not helpful for human behaviour.
- Humans have free will rather than their behaviour being determined by reinforcment.
-Skinners argues this by saying free will is an illusion
and the concept of free will is actually a product of external influences that ‘guide our behviour everyday .