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MCAT Quicksheets > Behavioural Science > Flashcards

Behavioural Science Flashcards

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1
Q

Sensory Neurons (known as and purpose)

A

afferent neurons, transmit sensory information from receptors to the spinal cord and brain

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2
Q

Motor Neurons (known as and purpose)

A

efferent neurons, transmit motor information from the brain and spinal cord to muscles and glands

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3
Q

Interneurons

A

found between other neurons and are the most numerous, located predominantly in the brain and spinal cord and are often linked to reflexive behaviour

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4
Q

Reflex Arcs

A

type of Neural circuits that control this type of behaviour (reflective)

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5
Q

Autonomic system branches

A

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic

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6
Q

Parasympathetic

A

rest and digest

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7
Q

Sympathetic

A

fight or flight

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8
Q

Parasympathetic system

  • pupils
  • saliva
  • bronchi
  • heartbeat
  • peristalsis
  • secretion
  • bile
  • bladder
A
  • constricts pupils
  • stimulates saliva
  • constricts bronchi
  • decreases heartbeat
  • stimulates peristalsis
  • increases secretion
  • increases bile
  • constricts bladder
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9
Q

Sympathetic system

  • pupils
  • saliva
  • bronchi
  • heartbeat
  • peristalsis
  • secretion
  • bile
  • bladder
  • orgasm
  • glucose production and release
  • adrenaline and noradrenaline
  • piloerection or sweating
A
  • dilates pupils
  • inhibits saliva
  • dilates bronchi
  • increases heartbeat
  • inhibits peristalsis
  • inhibits secretion
  • decreases bile
  • inhibits bladder contraction
  • stimulates orgasm
  • stimulates glucose production and release
  • stimulates adrenaline and noradrenaline
  • increases piloerection or sweating
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10
Q

What does the hindbrain contain

A

the cerebellum, medulla oblongata, and reticular formation

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11
Q

What does the midbrain contain

A

the inferior and superior colliculi

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12
Q

What does the forebrain contain

A

the thalamus, hypothalamus, basal ganglia, limbic system, and cerebral cortex

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13
Q

Thalamus

A

Relay station for sensory information

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14
Q

Hypothalamus

A

maintains homeostasis and integrates with the endocrine system through the hypophyseal portal system that connects it to the anterior pituitary

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15
Q

hypophyseal portal system

A

connects the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary

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16
Q

Basal ganglia

A

smoothens movements and helps maintain postural stability

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17
Q

Limbic system

A

controls emotion and memory

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18
Q

Parts of the limbic system

A

septal nuclei
amygdala
hippocampus
fornix

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19
Q

septal nuclei

A

pleasure

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20
Q

amygdala

A

fear and aggression

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21
Q

hippocampus

A

memory

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22
Q

fornix

A

communication within the limbic system

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23
Q

cerebal cortex four lobes

A

frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital

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24
Q

frontal lobe function

A

executive function, long-term planning, motor functions (primary motor cortex), impulse control

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25
Q

parietal lobe function

A

orientation, spatial awareness, somatosensory, manipulation

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26
Q

temporal lobe function

A

emotion, speech perception, sound processing

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27
Q

occipital lobe function

A

vision processing

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28
Q

somatosensory cortex senses (4)

A

touch, pressure, temperature, and pain

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29
Q

Acetylcholine behaviour

A

the parasympathetic nervous system, voluntary muscle control, attention, alertness

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30
Q

Epinephrine and Norepinephrine

A

Fight or flight responses, wakefulness, alertness

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31
Q

Dopamine

A

Smooth movements, postural stability

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32
Q

Serotonin

A

Mood, sleep, eating, dreaming

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33
Q

GABA, Glycine

A

Brain “stabilization”

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34
Q

Glutamate

A

Brain “excitation”

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35
Q

Endorphins

A

Natural painkillers

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36
Q

nature

A

genetics

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37
Q

nurture

A

environment

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38
Q

Sensation

A

physical stimuli into neurological signals

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39
Q

perception

A

processing of sensory information to make sense of its significance

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40
Q

sensory receptors

A

respond to stimuli and trigger electrical signals

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41
Q

sensory neurons

A

transmit information from sensory receptors to the CNS

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42
Q

projection areas in the brain

A

further analyze the sensory input

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43
Q

Threshold

A

the minimum stimulus that causes a change in signal transduction

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44
Q

Weber’s Law

A

states the just-noticeable difference for a stimulus is proportional to the magnitude of the stimulus, and this proportion is constant over most of the range of possible stimuli

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45
Q

Signal Detection Theory

A

studies the effects of nonsensory factors, such as experiences, motives, and expectations, on the perception of stimuli

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46
Q

Response Bias

A

examined using signal detection experiments with four possible outcomes: hits, misses, false alarms, and correct negatives

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47
Q

Adaptation

A

a decrease in response to a stimulus

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48
Q

Eye

A

organ specialized to detect light in the form of photons

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49
Q

Visual pathway

A

retina–> optic nerve –> optic chiasm –> optic tracts –> lateral geniculate nucleus –> visual radiations –> visual cortex

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50
Q

Ear

A

transduces sound waves into electrical signals that can be interpreted by the brain

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51
Q

Cochlea

A

detects sound

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52
Q

Utricle and Saccule

A

detect linear acceleration

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53
Q

Semicircular canals

A

detect rotational acceleration

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54
Q

Auditory Pathway

A

cochlea–> vestibulocochlear nerve –> medial geniculate nucleus –> auditory cortex

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55
Q

Smell

A

detection of volatile or aerosolized chemicals

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56
Q

smell receptors

A

olfactory chemoreceptors

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57
Q

Taste

A

detection of dissolved compounds by taste bud in papillae

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58
Q

Somatosensation

A

four touch modalities

- temperature, pain, touch, pressure

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59
Q

kinesthetic sense

A

proprioception

ability to tell where one’s body is in space

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60
Q

Bottom-up processing

A

data driven
recognition of objects by parallel processing and feature detection
slower but less prone to mistakes

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61
Q

Top-down processing

A

conceptually driven
recognition of an object by memories and expectations, with little attention to detail
Faster, but more prone to mistakes

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62
Q

Gestalt principles

A

ways that the brain can infer missing parts of an image when it is incomplete

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63
Q

the process of becoming used to a stimulus

A

Habituation

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64
Q

occurs when a second stimulus intervenes

A

Dishabitutation

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65
Q

the acquisition of behaviour by watching others

A

Observational learning

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66
Q

pairing together stimuli and responses, or behaviours and consequences

A

Associative learning

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67
Q

Classical conditioning

A

form of associative learning in which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an unconditioned stimulus

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68
Q

Operant conditioning

A

form of associative learning in which the frequency of behavior is modified by reinforcement and punishment

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69
Q

Increase frequency of behaviour

A

reinforcement

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70
Q

Decrease frequency of behaviour

A

punishment

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71
Q

Stimulus Added, Behavior continues

A

Positive reinforcement

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72
Q

Stimulus Removed, Behavior continues

A

Negative reinforcement

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73
Q

Stimulus Added, Behavior Stops

A

Positive punishment

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74
Q

Stimulus Removed, Behavior Stops

A

Negative punishment

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75
Q

Awake EEG waves

A

beta and alpha

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76
Q

Stage 1 EEG waves

A

Theta (mid frequency mid amplitude)

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77
Q

Stage 2 EEG waves

A

Theta (mid frequency mid amplitude)

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78
Q

Stage 3/4 EEG waves

A

Delta (Low frequency, high amplitude)

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79
Q

REM EEG waves

A

mostly beta (high frequency, low amplitude)

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80
Q

Awake features

A

able to perceive, process, access, and express information

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81
Q

Stage 1 features

A

Light sleep

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82
Q

Stage 2 features

A

sleep spindles and K complexes

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83
Q

Stage 3/4 features

A

slow-wave sleep; dreams; declarative memory consolidation; some sleep disorders

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84
Q

REM features

A

appears awake physiologically; dreams; paralyzes; procedural memory consolidation; some sleep disorders

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85
Q

dyssomnias

A

amount or timing of sleep

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86
Q

parasomnias

A

odd behavior during sleep

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87
Q

somnabulism

A

sleep walking

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88
Q

insomnia

A

sleep disorder in which you have trouble falling and/or staying asleep

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89
Q

narcolepsy

A

chronic neurological disorder that affects the brain’s ability to control sleep-wake cycles

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90
Q

sleep apnea

A

breathing repeatedly stops and starts during sleep

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91
Q

Drug addiction occurs in what pathway? which neurotransmitter?

A

Mesolimbic system… dopamine

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92
Q

Depressants Function

A

sense of relaxation and reduced anxiety

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93
Q

Stimulants Function

A

increased arousal

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94
Q

Opiate/opioids Function

A

decreased reaction to pain; euphoria

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95
Q

Hallucinogens

A

Distortion of reality and fantasy; introspection

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96
Q

3 human memory types

A

sensory memory, short term memory, long term memory

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97
Q

sensory memory time

A

<1 sec

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98
Q

short term memory

A

<1min

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99
Q

long term memory

A

lifetime

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100
Q

short term memory can turn into

A

working memory

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101
Q

2 long-term memory types

A

explicit and implicit

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102
Q

Explicit memory

A

conscious

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103
Q

implicit memory

A

unconscious

104
Q

Type of explicit and implicit memory: declarative memory

A

explicit

105
Q

Type of explicit and implicit memory: procedural memory

A

implicit

106
Q

declarative memory

A

facts, events

107
Q

procedural memory

A

skills, tasks

108
Q

declarative memory types

A

Episodic and semantic

109
Q

Episodic memory

A

events, experiences

110
Q

semantic memory

A

faqcts, concepts

111
Q

Encoding

A

the process of putting new information into memory

112
Q

sematic networks

A

store facts

113
Q

whats stronger; recall or recognition of information

A

recognition

114
Q

4 stages of Paigets Cognitive development

A

Sensorimotor
Preoperational
Concrete
Formal

115
Q

Paigets stage that focuses on manipulating the environment to meet physical need through circular reactions

A

Sensorimotor stage

116
Q

Paigets stage that focuses on symboilc thinking, egocentrism and centration

A

Preoperational stage

117
Q

egocentrism

A

inability to imagine what another person thinks or feels

118
Q

centration

A

focusing on only one aspect of a phenomenon

119
Q

Paigets stage that focuses on understanding the feelings of others and manipulating physical objects

A

concrete operation stage

120
Q

Paigets stage that focuses on abstract thought and problem solving

A

Formal operational stage

121
Q

trying different approaches to see which one works best

A

trial and error technique

122
Q

following a set of rules and steps to find the correct approach

A

algorithms

123
Q

deriving conclusions from general rules

A

deductive reasoning

124
Q

deriving generalizations from evidence

A

inductive reasoning

125
Q

a person uses previous experiences to inform their approach to problem-solving

A

heuristic approach

126
Q

tendency to focus on one particular piece of info when making decisions/problem solving

A

Anchoring bias

127
Q

Good -> I did it
Bad -> It’s because of something external
basically bias that serves you.

A

self-serving bias

128
Q

focuses on informarion that confirms existing beliefs

A

confirmation bias

129
Q

belief that the event just experienced was predictable

A

hindsight bias

130
Q

unintentional stereotyping of someone/something

A

representative bias

131
Q

decision is based upon either an available precedent or an example that may be faulty

A

availability bias

132
Q

casting judgements on issues using what someone believes about their conclusion (ex: belief perseverance - holding on to pre-existing beliefs despite being presented with evidence that is contrary)

A

belief bias

133
Q

an unconscious tendency to approach a problem in a particular way

A

mental set

134
Q

inability to see an object as useful for any other use other than the one for which it was invented

A

functional fixedness

135
Q

area in the brain - language comprehension

A

wernicke’s area

136
Q

area in the brain - motor function of speech

A

broca’s area

137
Q

fluent nonsensical aphasia with lack of comprehension

A

wernicke’s aphasia

138
Q

nonfluent aphasia in which generating each word requires effort

A

broca’s aphasia

139
Q

connects wernickes and brocas areas

A

arcuate fasciulus

140
Q

the inability to repeat words despite intact speech generation and comprehension

A

conduction aphasia

141
Q

the purpose or driving force behind our actions

A

motivation

142
Q

based on external circumstances

A

extrinsic

143
Q

based on internal circumstances

A

intrinsic

144
Q

motivation theory - innate, fixed patterns of behaviour in response to stimuli

A

instinct theory

145
Q

motivation theory - the state of being aware and active to stimuli, aim for optimal level of arousal for a given task

A

arousal theory

146
Q

motivation theory - individuals act to relieve internal states of tension

A

drive reduction theory

147
Q

motivation theory - prioritizes needs into 5 categories

physiological -> safety and security -> love and belonging -> self esteem -> self actualization

A

maslow’s hierarchy of needs

148
Q

happiness, sadness, contempt, surprise, anger, disgust, fear

A

seven universal emotions

149
Q

theory of emotion
1st response - nervous system arousal
2nd response - conscious emotion

A

james-lange

150
Q

theory of emotion
1st response - nervous system arousal and conscious emotion
2nd response - action

A

cannon-bard

151
Q

theory of emotion
1st response - nervous system arousal and cognitive appraisal
2nd response - conscious emotion

A

schachter-singer

152
Q

the physiological and cognitive response to challenges or life changes

A

stress

153
Q

classifying a potential stressor as irrelevant, benign-positive, or stressful

A

primary appraisal

154
Q

directed at evaluating whether the organism can cope with the stress, based on harm, threat, or challenge

A

secondary appraisal

155
Q

anything that leads to a stress response; can include environmental, social, psychological, chemical, and biological stressors

A

stressor (distress or eustress)

156
Q

3 stages of the ____ ______ ____ are alarm, resistance, and exhaustion

A

general adaptation syndrome

157
Q

the sum of the ways in which we describe ourselves: in the present, who we used to be, and who we might be in the future

A

self-concept

158
Q

individual components of our self-concept related to the groups to which we belong

A

identities

159
Q

our evaluation of ourselves

A

self-esteem

160
Q

the degree to which we see ourselves as being capable of a given skill in a given situation

A

self-efficacy

161
Q

a self evaluation that refers to the way we characterize the influences in our lives (internal or external)

A

locus of control

162
Q

success or failure us a result of our own actions

A

internal locus of control

163
Q

success or failure is a result of outside factors

A

external locus of control

164
Q

Schizophrenia

A

psychotic disorder characterized by distortion of reality and disturbances in the content and form of thought, perception, behavior

165
Q

Major Depressive disorder

A

contains at least one major depressive episode

166
Q

Persistent depressive disorder

A

a depressed mood for at least two years

167
Q

Seasonal affective disorder

A

the colloquial name for major depressive disorder with seasonal onset

168
Q

Bipolar I disorder

A

contains at least one manic episode

169
Q

Bipolar II disorder

A

contains at least one hypomanic episode and at least one major depressive episode

170
Q

Cyclothymic disorder

A

contains hypomanic episodes with dysthymia

171
Q

Generalized anxiety disorder

A

constant disproportionate and persistent worry

172
Q

specific phobias

A

irrational fears of specific objects

173
Q

agoraphobia

A

fear of places or situations where it is hard for an individual to escape

174
Q

panic disorder

A

recurrent attacks of intense, overwhelming fear and sympathetic new system activity with no clear stimulus

175
Q

OCD

A

obsessive-compulsive disorder

176
Q

Body dysmorphic disorder

A

unrealistic negative evaluation of one’s appearance or a specific body part

177
Q

Dissociative amnesia

A

inability to recall past experiences

178
Q

Dissociative identity disorder

A

two or more personailities that take control of behavior

179
Q

Depersonalization/derealization disorder

A

feeling of detachment from the mind and body or from the enviroment

180
Q

Freuds stage

A

for psychosexual development

based on tensions caused by the libido and failure at any given stage leading to fixation

181
Q

Erikson’s stage

A

for psychosexual development
stem from conflucts that are the result of decisions

stages are: trust vs mistrust; autonomy vs shame and doubt….

182
Q

Kohlbergs theory

A

moral reasoning development
describes the approaches of individuals to resolving moral dilemmas

three main phases: pre-conventional, conventional and post-conventional

183
Q

Vygotsky’s theory

A

of cultural and bio
social development

describes development of language, culture and skills

184
Q

Psychoanalytic perspective

A

personaility results from unconscious urges and desires

185
Q

Psychoanalytic perspective of Freud

A

id, superego, ego

186
Q

Psychoanalytic perspective of Jong

A

collective unconscious, archeotypes

187
Q

Humanistic perspective

A

emphasizes internal feelings of healthy indiciausl as they strice toward happiness and self-realization

188
Q

Humanistic perspective Maslow

A

hierarchy of needs

189
Q

Humanistic perspective Rogers

A

unconditional positive regard

190
Q

Type and trait theory

A

personality can be described as a number of identifiable traits that carry characteristic behavior

191
Q

Somatic symptom disorder

A

at least one somatic symptom which may or may not be linked to an underlying medical condition that causes disproportionate concern

192
Q

Illness anxiety disorder

A

preoccupation with having or coming down with a serious medical condition

193
Q

Conversion disorder

A

unexplained symptoms affector motor or sensory function

194
Q

Personality disorder

A

patterns of inflexible, maladaptive behaviour that cause distress or sensory function

195
Q

Social facilitaion

A

tendency to perform at a different level (better or worse) when others are around

196
Q

deindividuation

A

loss of self-awareness in large groups - can lead to drastic changes in behavior

197
Q

Bystander effect

A

in a group, individuals are less likely to respond to a person in need

198
Q

Peer pressure

A

social influence placed on an individual by other individuals they consider equals

199
Q

Group polarization

A

tendency towards making decisions in a group that are more extreme than the thoughts of individual group members

200
Q

Groupthink

A

tendency to make decisions based on ideas and solutions that arise within the group without considering outside ideas

201
Q

Assimulation

A

one culture begins to melt into another

202
Q

Multiculturalism

A

encouragement of multiple cultures within a community to enhance diversity

203
Q

Subculture

A

a group that distinguishes itself from the primary culture to which it belongs

204
Q

Socilization

A

the process of developing and spreading norms, customs, and beliefs

205
Q

Norms

A

boundaries of acceptable behavior within society

206
Q

Stigma

A

extreme disapproval or dislike of a person or group based on perceived differences

207
Q

Deviance

A

any violation of norms, rules, or expectations within a society

208
Q

Compliance

A

individuals change behavior based on request of others

209
Q

Obedience

A

change in behavior based on a command from someone seen as an authority figure

210
Q

Conformity

A

changing beliefs or behaviors in order to fit into a group or society

211
Q

status

A

a position in society used to classify individuals. can be ascribed, achieved, or master

212
Q

ascribed status

A

involuntarily assigned

213
Q

achieved status

A

voluntarily earned

214
Q

master status

A

primary identity

215
Q

role

A

set of beliefs, values, and norms that define the expectations of a certain status

216
Q

group

A

2 or more individuals with similar characteristics who share a sense of unity

217
Q

network

A

observable pattern of social relationships between individuals or groups

218
Q

organization

A

group with a srtructure and culture designed to achieve specific goals; exists outside of each individual’s membership within the organization

219
Q

display rules

A

unspoken rules that govern the expression of emotion

220
Q

impression management

A

maintenance of a public image through various strategies

221
Q

dramaturgical approach

A

individuals create images of themselves in the same way that actors perform a role in front of an audience

222
Q

interpersonal attraction is influenced by

A

physical, social, and physiological factors

223
Q

aggression

A

behavior with the intention to cause harm or increase social dominance

224
Q

attachment

A

an emotional bond to another person; usually refers to the bond between a child and a caregiver

225
Q

altruism

A

helping behavior in which the person’s intent is to benefit someone else at a personal cost

226
Q

attribution theory

A

focuses on the tendency for individuals to infer the causes of other people’s behavior

227
Q

dispositional (internal) attribution

A

causes relate to the features of the person who is being considered

228
Q

situational (external) attribution

A

causes relate to features of the surroundings of social context

229
Q

correspondent inference theory

A

describes attributions made by observing the intentional (especially unexpected) behaviors performed by another person

230
Q

fundamental attribution error

A

bias toward making a dispositional attribution rather than situational (i.e. if student gets a bad mark, teacher will assume he is dumb before thinking that he maybe had a rough week)

231
Q

stereotypes

A

attitudes and impressions that are made based on limited and superficial information

232
Q

self-fulfilling prophecy

A

the phenomenon of a stereotype creating an expectation of a particular group, which creates conditions that lead to confirmation of this stereotype

233
Q

stereotype threat

A

a feeling of anxiety about confirming a negative stereotype

234
Q

prejudice

A

an irrationally based attitude prior to actual experience

235
Q

ethnocentrism

A

the practice of making judgements about other cultures based on the values and beliefs of one’s own culture (in group vs. out group)

236
Q

cultural relativism

A

studying social groups and cultures on their own terms

237
Q

discrimination

A

when prejudicial attitudes cause differences in treatment of a group

238
Q

functionalism

A

focuses on the function and relationships of each component of society

239
Q

conflict theory

A

focuses on how power differentials are created and how they maintain order

240
Q

symbolic interactionism

A

the study of how individuals interact through a shared understanding of words, gestures and other symbols

241
Q

social constructionism

A

explores how individuals and groups make decisions to agree upon a given social reality

242
Q

material culture

A

physical items associated with a given group (art, clothes, food, building)

243
Q

symbolic culture

A

the ideas associated with a cultural group

244
Q

demographics

A

the statistical arm of sociology

245
Q

migration

A

the movement of people into (immigration) or out of (emigration) a geographical location

246
Q

demographic transition

A

a model used to represent drops in birth and death rates as a result of industrialization

247
Q

social stratification is based on

A

socioeconomic status (ses)

248
Q

class

A

a category of people with shared socioeconomic characteristics

249
Q

power

A

the capacity to influence people through real or perceived rewards and punishments

250
Q

social capital

A

the investment people make in society in return for economic or collective rewards

251
Q

social reproduction

A

the passing on of social inequality, especially poverty, to other generations

252
Q

poverty

A

low socioeconomic status
in the USm the poverty line is the government’s calculation of the minimum income requirements to acquire the minimum necessities of live

253
Q

incidence

A

new cases/population at risk

per time

254
Q

prevalence

A

number of cases (new or old) / total population

per time

255
Q

morbidity

A

the burden or degree of illness assiciated with a given disease

256
Q

mortality

A

deaths caused by a given disease

MCAT Quicksheets (2 decks)

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