Behavioural Science Flashcards
1
Q
Sensory Neurons (known as and purpose)
A
afferent neurons, transmit sensory information from receptors to the spinal cord and brain
2
Q
Motor Neurons (known as and purpose)
A
efferent neurons, transmit motor information from the brain and spinal cord to muscles and glands
3
Q
Interneurons
A
found between other neurons and are the most numerous, located predominantly in the brain and spinal cord and are often linked to reflexive behaviour
4
Q
Reflex Arcs
A
type of Neural circuits that control this type of behaviour (reflective)
5
Q
Autonomic system branches
A
Sympathetic and Parasympathetic
6
Q
Parasympathetic
A
rest and digest
7
Q
Sympathetic
A
fight or flight
8
Q
Parasympathetic system
- pupils
- saliva
- bronchi
- heartbeat
- peristalsis
- secretion
- bile
- bladder
A
- constricts pupils
- stimulates saliva
- constricts bronchi
- decreases heartbeat
- stimulates peristalsis
- increases secretion
- increases bile
- constricts bladder
9
Q
Sympathetic system
- pupils
- saliva
- bronchi
- heartbeat
- peristalsis
- secretion
- bile
- bladder
- orgasm
- glucose production and release
- adrenaline and noradrenaline
- piloerection or sweating
A
- dilates pupils
- inhibits saliva
- dilates bronchi
- increases heartbeat
- inhibits peristalsis
- inhibits secretion
- decreases bile
- inhibits bladder contraction
- stimulates orgasm
- stimulates glucose production and release
- stimulates adrenaline and noradrenaline
- increases piloerection or sweating
10
Q
What does the hindbrain contain
A
the cerebellum, medulla oblongata, and reticular formation
11
Q
What does the midbrain contain
A
the inferior and superior colliculi
12
Q
What does the forebrain contain
A
the thalamus, hypothalamus, basal ganglia, limbic system, and cerebral cortex
13
Q
Thalamus
A
Relay station for sensory information
14
Q
Hypothalamus
A
maintains homeostasis and integrates with the endocrine system through the hypophyseal portal system that connects it to the anterior pituitary
15
Q
hypophyseal portal system
A
connects the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary
16
Q
Basal ganglia
A
smoothens movements and helps maintain postural stability
17
Q
Limbic system
A
controls emotion and memory
18
Q
Parts of the limbic system
A
septal nuclei
amygdala
hippocampus
fornix
19
Q
septal nuclei
A
pleasure
20
Q
amygdala
A
fear and aggression
21
Q
hippocampus
A
memory
22
Q
fornix
A
communication within the limbic system
23
Q
cerebal cortex four lobes
A
frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital
24
Q
frontal lobe function
A
executive function, long-term planning, motor functions (primary motor cortex), impulse control
25
parietal lobe function
orientation, spatial awareness, somatosensory, manipulation
26
temporal lobe function
emotion, speech perception, sound processing
27
occipital lobe function
vision processing
28
somatosensory cortex senses (4)
touch, pressure, temperature, and pain
29
Acetylcholine behaviour
the parasympathetic nervous system, voluntary muscle control, attention, alertness
30
Epinephrine and Norepinephrine
Fight or flight responses, wakefulness, alertness
31
Dopamine
Smooth movements, postural stability
32
Serotonin
Mood, sleep, eating, dreaming
33
GABA, Glycine
Brain "stabilization"
34
Glutamate
Brain "excitation"
35
Endorphins
Natural painkillers
36
nature
genetics
37
nurture
environment
38
Sensation
physical stimuli into neurological signals
39
perception
processing of sensory information to make sense of its significance
40
sensory receptors
respond to stimuli and trigger electrical signals
41
sensory neurons
transmit information from sensory receptors to the CNS
42
projection areas in the brain
further analyze the sensory input
43
Threshold
the minimum stimulus that causes a change in signal transduction
44
Weber's Law
states the just-noticeable difference for a stimulus is proportional to the magnitude of the stimulus, and this proportion is constant over most of the range of possible stimuli
45
Signal Detection Theory
studies the effects of nonsensory factors, such as experiences, motives, and expectations, on the perception of stimuli
46
Response Bias
examined using signal detection experiments with four possible outcomes: hits, misses, false alarms, and correct negatives
47
Adaptation
a decrease in response to a stimulus
48
Eye
organ specialized to detect light in the form of photons
49
Visual pathway
retina--> optic nerve --> optic chiasm --> optic tracts --> lateral geniculate nucleus --> visual radiations --> visual cortex
50
Ear
transduces sound waves into electrical signals that can be interpreted by the brain
51
Cochlea
detects sound
52
Utricle and Saccule
detect linear acceleration
53
Semicircular canals
detect rotational acceleration
54
Auditory Pathway
cochlea--> vestibulocochlear nerve --> medial geniculate nucleus --> auditory cortex
55
Smell
detection of volatile or aerosolized chemicals
56
smell receptors
olfactory chemoreceptors
57
Taste
detection of dissolved compounds by taste bud in papillae
58
Somatosensation
four touch modalities
| - temperature, pain, touch, pressure
59
kinesthetic sense
proprioception
| ability to tell where one's body is in space
60
Bottom-up processing
data driven
recognition of objects by parallel processing and feature detection
slower but less prone to mistakes
61
Top-down processing
conceptually driven
recognition of an object by memories and expectations, with little attention to detail
Faster, but more prone to mistakes
62
Gestalt principles
ways that the brain can infer missing parts of an image when it is incomplete
63
the process of becoming used to a stimulus
Habituation
64
occurs when a second stimulus intervenes
Dishabitutation
65
the acquisition of behaviour by watching others
Observational learning
66
pairing together stimuli and responses, or behaviours and consequences
Associative learning
67
Classical conditioning
form of associative learning in which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an unconditioned stimulus
68
Operant conditioning
form of associative learning in which the frequency of behavior is modified by reinforcement and punishment
69
Increase frequency of behaviour
reinforcement
70
Decrease frequency of behaviour
punishment
71
Stimulus Added, Behavior continues
Positive reinforcement
72
Stimulus Removed, Behavior continues
Negative reinforcement
73
Stimulus Added, Behavior Stops
Positive punishment
74
Stimulus Removed, Behavior Stops
Negative punishment
75
Awake EEG waves
beta and alpha
76
Stage 1 EEG waves
Theta (mid frequency mid amplitude)
77
Stage 2 EEG waves
Theta (mid frequency mid amplitude)
78
Stage 3/4 EEG waves
Delta (Low frequency, high amplitude)
79
REM EEG waves
mostly beta (high frequency, low amplitude)
80
Awake features
able to perceive, process, access, and express information
81
Stage 1 features
Light sleep
82
Stage 2 features
sleep spindles and K complexes
83
Stage 3/4 features
slow-wave sleep; dreams; declarative memory consolidation; some sleep disorders
84
REM features
appears awake physiologically; dreams; paralyzes; procedural memory consolidation; some sleep disorders
85
dyssomnias
amount or timing of sleep
86
parasomnias
odd behavior during sleep
87
somnabulism
sleep walking
88
insomnia
sleep disorder in which you have trouble falling and/or staying asleep
89
narcolepsy
chronic neurological disorder that affects the brain's ability to control sleep-wake cycles
90
sleep apnea
breathing repeatedly stops and starts during sleep
91
Drug addiction occurs in what pathway? which neurotransmitter?
Mesolimbic system... dopamine
92
Depressants Function
sense of relaxation and reduced anxiety
93
Stimulants Function
increased arousal
94
Opiate/opioids Function
decreased reaction to pain; euphoria
95
Hallucinogens
Distortion of reality and fantasy; introspection
96
3 human memory types
sensory memory, short term memory, long term memory
97
sensory memory time
<1 sec
98
short term memory
<1min
99
long term memory
lifetime
100
short term memory can turn into
working memory
101
2 long-term memory types
explicit and implicit
102
Explicit memory
conscious
103
implicit memory
unconscious
104
Type of explicit and implicit memory: declarative memory
explicit
105
Type of explicit and implicit memory: procedural memory
implicit
106
declarative memory
facts, events
107
procedural memory
skills, tasks
108
declarative memory types
Episodic and semantic
109
Episodic memory
events, experiences
110
semantic memory
faqcts, concepts
111
Encoding
the process of putting new information into memory
112
sematic networks
store facts
113
whats stronger; recall or recognition of information
recognition
114
4 stages of Paigets Cognitive development
Sensorimotor
Preoperational
Concrete
Formal
115
Paigets stage that focuses on manipulating the environment to meet physical need through circular reactions
Sensorimotor stage
116
Paigets stage that focuses on symboilc thinking, egocentrism and centration
Preoperational stage
117
egocentrism
inability to imagine what another person thinks or feels
118
centration
focusing on only one aspect of a phenomenon
119
Paigets stage that focuses on understanding the feelings of others and manipulating physical objects
concrete operation stage
120
Paigets stage that focuses on abstract thought and problem solving
Formal operational stage
121
trying different approaches to see which one works best
trial and error technique
122
following a set of rules and steps to find the correct approach
algorithms
123
deriving conclusions from general rules
deductive reasoning
124
deriving generalizations from evidence
inductive reasoning
125
a person uses previous experiences to inform their approach to problem-solving
heuristic approach
126
tendency to focus on one particular piece of info when making decisions/problem solving
Anchoring bias
127
Good -> I did it
Bad -> It's because of something external
basically bias that serves you.
self-serving bias
128
focuses on informarion that confirms existing beliefs
confirmation bias
129
belief that the event just experienced was predictable
hindsight bias
130
unintentional stereotyping of someone/something
representative bias
131
decision is based upon either an available precedent or an example that may be faulty
availability bias
132
casting judgements on issues using what someone believes about their conclusion (ex: belief perseverance - holding on to pre-existing beliefs despite being presented with evidence that is contrary)
belief bias
133
an unconscious tendency to approach a problem in a particular way
mental set
134
inability to see an object as useful for any other use other than the one for which it was invented
functional fixedness
135
area in the brain - language comprehension
wernicke's area
136
area in the brain - motor function of speech
broca's area
137
fluent nonsensical aphasia with lack of comprehension
wernicke's aphasia
138
nonfluent aphasia in which generating each word requires effort
broca's aphasia
139
connects wernickes and brocas areas
arcuate fasciulus
140
the inability to repeat words despite intact speech generation and comprehension
conduction aphasia
141
the purpose or driving force behind our actions
motivation
142
based on external circumstances
extrinsic
143
based on internal circumstances
intrinsic
144
motivation theory - innate, fixed patterns of behaviour in response to stimuli
instinct theory
145
motivation theory - the state of being aware and active to stimuli, aim for optimal level of arousal for a given task
arousal theory
146
motivation theory - individuals act to relieve internal states of tension
drive reduction theory
147
motivation theory - prioritizes needs into 5 categories
| physiological -> safety and security -> love and belonging -> self esteem -> self actualization
maslow's hierarchy of needs
148
happiness, sadness, contempt, surprise, anger, disgust, fear
seven universal emotions
149
theory of emotion
1st response - nervous system arousal
2nd response - conscious emotion
james-lange
150
theory of emotion
1st response - nervous system arousal and conscious emotion
2nd response - action
cannon-bard
151
theory of emotion
1st response - nervous system arousal and cognitive appraisal
2nd response - conscious emotion
schachter-singer
152
the physiological and cognitive response to challenges or life changes
stress
153
classifying a potential stressor as irrelevant, benign-positive, or stressful
primary appraisal
154
directed at evaluating whether the organism can cope with the stress, based on harm, threat, or challenge
secondary appraisal
155
anything that leads to a stress response; can include environmental, social, psychological, chemical, and biological stressors
stressor (distress or eustress)
156
3 stages of the ____ ______ ____ are alarm, resistance, and exhaustion
general adaptation syndrome
157
the sum of the ways in which we describe ourselves: in the present, who we used to be, and who we might be in the future
self-concept
158
individual components of our self-concept related to the groups to which we belong
identities
159
our evaluation of ourselves
self-esteem
160
the degree to which we see ourselves as being capable of a given skill in a given situation
self-efficacy
161
a self evaluation that refers to the way we characterize the influences in our lives (internal or external)
locus of control
162
success or failure us a result of our own actions
internal locus of control
163
success or failure is a result of outside factors
external locus of control
164
Schizophrenia
psychotic disorder characterized by distortion of reality and disturbances in the content and form of thought, perception, behavior
165
Major Depressive disorder
contains at least one major depressive episode
166
Persistent depressive disorder
a depressed mood for at least two years
167
Seasonal affective disorder
the colloquial name for major depressive disorder with seasonal onset
168
Bipolar I disorder
contains at least one manic episode
169
Bipolar II disorder
contains at least one hypomanic episode and at least one major depressive episode
170
Cyclothymic disorder
contains hypomanic episodes with dysthymia
171
Generalized anxiety disorder
constant disproportionate and persistent worry
172
specific phobias
irrational fears of specific objects
173
agoraphobia
fear of places or situations where it is hard for an individual to escape
174
panic disorder
recurrent attacks of intense, overwhelming fear and sympathetic new system activity with no clear stimulus
175
OCD
obsessive-compulsive disorder
176
Body dysmorphic disorder
unrealistic negative evaluation of one's appearance or a specific body part
177
Dissociative amnesia
inability to recall past experiences
178
Dissociative identity disorder
two or more personailities that take control of behavior
179
Depersonalization/derealization disorder
feeling of detachment from the mind and body or from the enviroment
180
Freuds stage
for psychosexual development
| based on tensions caused by the libido and failure at any given stage leading to fixation
181
Erikson's stage
for psychosexual development
stem from conflucts that are the result of decisions
stages are: trust vs mistrust; autonomy vs shame and doubt....
182
Kohlbergs theory
moral reasoning development
describes the approaches of individuals to resolving moral dilemmas
three main phases: pre-conventional, conventional and post-conventional
183
Vygotsky's theory
of cultural and bio
social development
describes development of language, culture and skills
184
Psychoanalytic perspective
personaility results from unconscious urges and desires
185
Psychoanalytic perspective of Freud
id, superego, ego
186
Psychoanalytic perspective of Jong
collective unconscious, archeotypes
187
Humanistic perspective
emphasizes internal feelings of healthy indiciausl as they strice toward happiness and self-realization
188
Humanistic perspective Maslow
hierarchy of needs
189
Humanistic perspective Rogers
unconditional positive regard
190
Type and trait theory
personality can be described as a number of identifiable traits that carry characteristic behavior
191
Somatic symptom disorder
at least one somatic symptom which may or may not be linked to an underlying medical condition that causes disproportionate concern
192
Illness anxiety disorder
preoccupation with having or coming down with a serious medical condition
193
Conversion disorder
unexplained symptoms affector motor or sensory function
194
Personality disorder
patterns of inflexible, maladaptive behaviour that cause distress or sensory function
195
Social facilitaion
tendency to perform at a different level (better or worse) when others are around
196
deindividuation
loss of self-awareness in large groups - can lead to drastic changes in behavior
197
Bystander effect
in a group, individuals are less likely to respond to a person in need
198
Peer pressure
social influence placed on an individual by other individuals they consider equals
199
Group polarization
tendency towards making decisions in a group that are more extreme than the thoughts of individual group members
200
Groupthink
tendency to make decisions based on ideas and solutions that arise within the group without considering outside ideas
201
Assimulation
one culture begins to melt into another
202
Multiculturalism
encouragement of multiple cultures within a community to enhance diversity
203
Subculture
a group that distinguishes itself from the primary culture to which it belongs
204
Socilization
the process of developing and spreading norms, customs, and beliefs
205
Norms
boundaries of acceptable behavior within society
206
Stigma
extreme disapproval or dislike of a person or group based on perceived differences
207
Deviance
any violation of norms, rules, or expectations within a society
208
Compliance
individuals change behavior based on request of others
209
Obedience
change in behavior based on a command from someone seen as an authority figure
210
Conformity
changing beliefs or behaviors in order to fit into a group or society
211
status
a position in society used to classify individuals. can be ascribed, achieved, or master
212
ascribed status
involuntarily assigned
213
achieved status
voluntarily earned
214
master status
primary identity
215
role
set of beliefs, values, and norms that define the expectations of a certain status
216
group
2 or more individuals with similar characteristics who share a sense of unity
217
network
observable pattern of social relationships between individuals or groups
218
organization
group with a srtructure and culture designed to achieve specific goals; exists outside of each individual's membership within the organization
219
display rules
unspoken rules that govern the expression of emotion
220
impression management
maintenance of a public image through various strategies
221
dramaturgical approach
individuals create images of themselves in the same way that actors perform a role in front of an audience
222
interpersonal attraction is influenced by
physical, social, and physiological factors
223
aggression
behavior with the intention to cause harm or increase social dominance
224
attachment
an emotional bond to another person; usually refers to the bond between a child and a caregiver
225
altruism
helping behavior in which the person's intent is to benefit someone else at a personal cost
226
attribution theory
focuses on the tendency for individuals to infer the causes of other people's behavior
227
dispositional (internal) attribution
causes relate to the features of the person who is being considered
228
situational (external) attribution
causes relate to features of the surroundings of social context
229
correspondent inference theory
describes attributions made by observing the intentional (especially unexpected) behaviors performed by another person
230
fundamental attribution error
bias toward making a dispositional attribution rather than situational (i.e. if student gets a bad mark, teacher will assume he is dumb before thinking that he maybe had a rough week)
231
stereotypes
attitudes and impressions that are made based on limited and superficial information
232
self-fulfilling prophecy
the phenomenon of a stereotype creating an expectation of a particular group, which creates conditions that lead to confirmation of this stereotype
233
stereotype threat
a feeling of anxiety about confirming a negative stereotype
234
prejudice
an irrationally based attitude prior to actual experience
235
ethnocentrism
the practice of making judgements about other cultures based on the values and beliefs of one's own culture (in group vs. out group)
236
cultural relativism
studying social groups and cultures on their own terms
237
discrimination
when prejudicial attitudes cause differences in treatment of a group
238
functionalism
focuses on the function and relationships of each component of society
239
conflict theory
focuses on how power differentials are created and how they maintain order
240
symbolic interactionism
the study of how individuals interact through a shared understanding of words, gestures and other symbols
241
social constructionism
explores how individuals and groups make decisions to agree upon a given social reality
242
material culture
physical items associated with a given group (art, clothes, food, building)
243
symbolic culture
the ideas associated with a cultural group
244
demographics
the statistical arm of sociology
245
migration
the movement of people into (immigration) or out of (emigration) a geographical location
246
demographic transition
a model used to represent drops in birth and death rates as a result of industrialization
247
social stratification is based on
socioeconomic status (ses)
248
class
a category of people with shared socioeconomic characteristics
249
power
the capacity to influence people through real or perceived rewards and punishments
250
social capital
the investment people make in society in return for economic or collective rewards
251
social reproduction
the passing on of social inequality, especially poverty, to other generations
252
poverty
low socioeconomic status
in the USm the poverty line is the government's calculation of the minimum income requirements to acquire the minimum necessities of live
253
incidence
new cases/population at risk
| per time
254
prevalence
number of cases (new or old) / total population
| per time
255
morbidity
the burden or degree of illness assiciated with a given disease
256
mortality
deaths caused by a given disease
