Behavioural Ecology References

Question 1

Maynard Smith and Price - 1973

Answer 1

Hawk-dove Model - helps to understand why some animals engage in ritualised contests and displays rather than all out fights

Question 2

Hawk-dove Model - helps to understand why some animals engage in ritualised contests and displays rather than all out fights

Answer 2

Maynard Smith and Price - 1973

Question 3

Clutton-Brock et al 1979

Answer 3

Red deer males fight most intensely when payoff is larger and do not fight when the outcome is obvious - Rutting

Question 4

Red deer males fight most intensely when payoff is larger and do not fight when the outcome is obvious - Rutting

Answer 4

Clutton-Brock et al 1979

Question 5

Oliveira et al 2009

Answer 5

Cichlid fish - males fight - winners experience a surge in androgen levels therefore are more likely to win a fight again. Opposite occurs when the fish loses. Experiment showed that anti-androgen in winners reversed the effects but androgen in losers does not.

Question 6

Cichlid fish - males fight - winners experience a surge in androgen levels therefore are more likely to win a fight again. Opposite occurs when the fish loses. Experiment showed that anti-androgen in winners reversed the effects but androgen in losers does not.

Answer 6

Oliveira et al 2009

Question 7

Norman et al 2002

Answer 7

Blanket octopus males are only 2.4cm long and grasp Portuguese man o’ war tentacles for defence against predators

Question 8

Blanket octopus males are only 2.4cm long and grasp Portuguese man o’ war tentacles for defence against predators

Answer 8

Norman et al 2002

Question 9

Brown 2012

Answer 9

Male mourning cuttlefish deceptive signalling - maybe sociality played a key role in cognitive evolution

Question 10

Male mourning cuttlefish deceptive signalling - maybe sociality played a key role in cognitive evolution

Answer 10

Brown 2012

Question 11

Portelli et al 2009

Answer 11

Chestnut-crowned babblers ecology and presence of drainage zones may dictate whether the young disperse or not

Question 12

Chestnut-crowned babblers ecology and presence of drainage zones may dictate whether the young disperse or not

Answer 12

Portelli et al 2009

Question 13

Duckworth et al 2009

Answer 13

Western bluebirds - mothers adapt sex ratio/egg order to produce aggressive, dispersing males when resources low

Question 14

Western bluebirds - mothers adapt sex ratio/egg order to produce aggressive, dispersing males when resources low

Answer 14

Duckworth et al 2009

Question 15

Haskell et al 1994

Answer 15

Western bluebirds - artificial nests built on the ground with playback were highly predated. Not the same in trees

Question 16

Western bluebirds - artificial nests built on the ground with playback were highly predated. Not the same in trees

Answer 16

Haskell et al 1994

Question 17

Catchpole 1987

Answer 17

Peacock sexual signalling

Question 18

Peacock sexual signalling

Answer 18

Catchpole 1987

Question 19

Spencer et al 2003

Answer 19

Zebra finches - females prefer more complex songs. Honest signal as the more stressed the more simple the songs became

Question 20

Zebra finches - females prefer more complex songs. Honest signal as the more stressed the more simple the songs became

Answer 20

Spencer et al 2003

Question 21

Nielsen and Holman 2012

Answer 21

Male mealworm beetles produce more attractive CHC’s when immunocompromised.

Question 22

Male mealworm beetles produce more attractive CHC’s when immunocompromised.

Answer 22

Nielsen and Holman 2012

Question 23

Iwata 2014

Answer 23

Spear squid = large guard males and smaller sneaker males. Also spermatophores are distinct and females have 2 sperm storage receptacles

Question 24

Spear squid = large guard males and smaller sneaker males. Also spermatophores are distinct and females have 2 sperm storage receptacles

Answer 24

Iwata 2014

Question 25

Russell 2001

Answer 25

Not all failed long tailed tit breeders become helpers. Those that do chose to help kin over random birds when given equidistant choice.

Question 26

Not all failed long tailed tit breeders become helpers. Those that do chose to help kin over random birds when given equidistant choice.

Answer 26

Russell 2001

Question 27

Young 2012

Answer 27

Evolutionary route of coop breeding is unknown - maybe signalling to others (pay to stay or prestige) But found to be unlikely. Audience presence / social rank made no difference to feeding behaviour.

Question 28

Evolutionary route of coop breeding is unknown - maybe signalling to others (pay to stay or prestige) But found to be unlikely. Audience presence / social rank made no difference to feeding behaviour.

Answer 28

Young 2012