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Bel👹👹👹 > Behavioural Ecology ANIM3365 > Flashcards

Behavioural Ecology ANIM3365 Flashcards

1
Q

What is Personality?

A

Individual consistency in behavioural tendencies across time and contexts

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2
Q

What is a behavioural syndrome?

A

Consistent differences in a suite of correlated behaviours that are carried across contexts

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3
Q

heritability

A

the extent to which phenotypes are determined by the genes transmitted from the parents

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4
Q

what is phenotypic plasticity

A

is the property of a given genotype to produce different phenotypes in response to distinct environmental conditions.

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5
Q

What is the marginal value theorim?

A

-the organism exploits a resource or something about gaining a resource.
-model in behavioral ecology that predicts how long a forager (like an animal) should stay in a food patch before moving to another one to maximize its energy intake over time.
example 1= foraging
example 2 = patches of food

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6
Q

what is a diminishing return

A

the benefit of the resource is affected by the activity of the organism exploiting it -yeilding diminishing returns

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7
Q

What is the theory of sexual selection?

A

explains how traits that help an organism obtain a mate are favoured over time. Sexual selection favours heritable traits that confer reproductive advantage (evolutionary change).
Mechanisms? premating post-mating

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8
Q

What is sexual dimorphism?

A

distinct difference in size or appearance between the sexes of an animal in addition to the sexual organs themselves.

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9
Q

Bateman’s principles

A

male reproductive success should increase linearly with multiple mating, whereas female reproductive success should not (constrained)

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10
Q

isogamy

A

fusion of gametes in similar size

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11
Q

anisogamy

A

Males produce small gametes called sperm while females produce larger gametes called eggs.

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12
Q

oogamy

A

oogamy is the fusion of large, immotile female gametes with small, motile male gametes

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13
Q

Parental Investment Theory extends Batemans theory (Trevors)

A

-not simply an investment in gametes
-he emphasised parental investment
-selection acts strongest on the sex that invests the least

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14
Q

Operation Sex Ratio is?

A

availability for mating in each sex
-Polyandry (female mates with more than one male)
-Monogamy (a pair bond between two adult animals of the same species)
-Polygyny (male mates with multiple females)
-OSR can shift (goby’s) (katydids)

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15
Q

Mate choice in peafowl

A

-males in leks
-females prefer males with elaborate and long trains
-selection favours females that pick the best males

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16
Q

what are the evolutionary explanations for mate choice?

A

-direct benefits
-sexy son model
-good genes model
-selection for complementary genes
-sensory exploitations and traps

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17
Q

mate choice: direct benefits

A

females directly benefit by choosing males that provide them with resources. (male katydids food gifts)

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18
Q

Mate choice: Sexy Son Hypothesis

A

females benefit by mating with attractive males that give their male offspring genes that improve attractiveness

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19
Q

Fisherian selection

A

genes encoding female preference become genetically correlated with genes encoding male sexual attractiveness

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20
Q

Mate choice: good genes

A

-By choosing high fitness males females indirectly improve their fitness by survival advantages of their offspring
-High quality males should have the genes that improve the viability of the offspring
-female preferences avoid bas genes in drosophila

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21
Q

Mate choice: complementary genes

A

-Females benefit by mating with genetically compatible males
-So what’s good for one female in terms of a mate may not be good for another. (unlike other models where there is congruent mating preferences)
-sweat t-shirt study MCH genes

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22
Q

models for sensory exploitation

A

-signalling taps into pre-existing sensory biases in receivers.
-can be attractive environmental cues like food
-yellow bands resemble damselfly in goodied fishes

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23
Q

sensory exploitation of anti-predator behaviour

A

Asian corn borer moth
Males mimic bat echolocation calls
And exploit females freeze responses

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24
Q

The Sensory trap hypothesis

A

-Sensory Trap: one sex will benefit by mimicking deceptively a model stimulus that the other sex is selected to respond to in another context
-deceptive mimicry in lyrebirds
-Males mimic the sound of birds under attack by a predator
Males only do this when copulation = use this deception to improve their mating success by stopping female from leaving and there by increases the chance of the male mating again

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25
Q

what is sperm competition?

A

-Competition between the sperm from two or more males for the fertilisation of a given set of ova.

-Definition does not include externally fertilising species that don’t copulate

26
Q

sperm competition: risk vs intensity model

A

risk= an increased probability of sperm competition with one other male, make your chances of success rise linearly with the number of sperm you allocate to that mating
intensity = with more then two males your chances of success do not increase linearly.

27
Q

Cryptic female choice?

A

-Non random fertilisation biases resulting from female behaviour, morphology, physiology that occur during or after coupling.
-females choosing the best sperm (chickens)

28
Q

mechanisms of CFC:

A

-physiological (ovarian fluid affects on sperm function)
-behavioural (positioning of sperm/sperm ejection)
-morphological (differential sperm storage)
-mechanical (muscular control over sperm uptake)

28
Q

3 criteria for testing CFC

A

-non random fertilisation bias
-separate female and male effects
-choice at the post-mating ejaculate level

29
Q

sexual conflict

A

-what’s good for once sex is not good for the other
-batemans curves
-When males and females have conflicting optimal fitness strategies concerning reproduction.

30
Q

winners and losers in sexual conflict

A

-One sex may temporary have an advantage over another
C= gets in front in the “arms race’’.

31
Q

What is Game theory?

A

game theory is concerned with theories which claim to identify the selective forces responsible for the evolution of particular traits, or a group of traits.
-the challenge of the game is to accumulate fitness
-what is the best way to win at monopoly

32
Q

Types of strategies?

A

-Pure conditional strategy
-mixed strategy
- Alternative strategies

33
Q

What is an Evolutionary Stable Strategy?

A

-a behavioral strategy that persists in a population over time and cannot be replaced by a different strategy

34
Q

Fishers Fundamental Theorim

A

-Fitness-the number of offspring an individual recruits to the next generation is by definition subject to persistent directional selection
-therefore at each generation only a subset of fitness-related alleles pass on to the next generation
-there should be very little genetic variation or traits that are closely related to fitness

35
Q

“Paradox of the Lek”

A

-The paradox arises because, in these systems, a few males tend to dominate mating success, which should theoretically reduce genetic diversity over time
-Yet, despite this intense selection, lekking species like peacocks maintain genetic diversity and continue to exhibit extravagant male displays WHy?
-this persistence is the paradox because strong female choice should erode genetic variability, yet diversity is somehow maintained

36
Q

what is a secondary sexual trait?

A

-peacock’s tail feathers

37
Q

What is condition?

A

-the pool of resources available to be diverted between competing life-history traits
-essential for viability / increases reproduction
anything that increases the efficiency on this side increases the available expenditure on this side

38
Q

phenotypic condition dependence

A

where the expression of a trait depends on an individual’s overall health, quality, or “condition,” which is often influenced by environmental factors such as nutrition or stress

39
Q

Transgenerational Paternal Effects in crickets

A

-example of phenotypic condition dependence
-a male cricket’s condition (influenced by its environment and resources) can affect not only its own traits but also those of its offspring, even if the offspring are reared in different condition

40
Q

what is sex allocation?

A

-the division of parental resources to male versus female reproduction in sexual species

41
Q

Primary defence

A

-prevent detection
-disruptive camouflage
-countershading
-transparency

42
Q

Secondary defences

A

-operate after detection
-Aposematism
-mimicry
-deflection/dazzle

43
Q

what factors drive evolution of defensive traits?

A

-Activity and predation risk play an important role in the evolution of chemical defences in mammals

44
Q

adaptions of predators?

A

-search images
-teeth claws
-lures
-sit and wait
-camouflage

45
Q

Predator-prey interaction sequence

A

encounter
detection
identification
approach
evasion/attack

46
Q

evidence for frequency-dependent selection

A

natural selection imposed by blue jays results in prey (moth) polymorphism

47
Q

search image?

A

predators focus their search on specific prey types focusing on features of most common prey

48
Q

living under risk=

A

behavioural trade-offs in nearly all animals

49
Q

path integration

A

-a running computation of the present location from the past
Trajectory
-a continuous process of integration

50
Q

optic flow

A
51
Q

the problem with cooperation

A

natural selection favours genes that increase an individual’s fitness. Thus selfish behaviours should dominate

52
Q

benefits of cooperation

A

-direct (reciprocal Tit for tat vampire bats), reputational benefits (competitive altruism E.g humans)

-indirect (kin selection)

53
Q

Kin selection

A

when cooperation is directed at individuals who share genes with the actor

54
Q

Hamiltons rule

A

rB-C>0
r=genetic relatedness
B=additional reproductive benefit gained by cooperative behaviour
C=reproductive cost of performing the cooperative behaviour

55
Q

cooperative courtship in turkeys

A

-male turkeys court as solitary males or in pairs made up of a dominant and subordinate male (they are related)
-direct fitness benefit to mating male with the help of subordinate
-indirect benefit to subordinate males is greater than the cost of trying to breed independently

56
Q

Types of mimicry

A

-Batesian -the resemblance of an edible species to an inedible one
-Mullerian -an unpalatable species resembles another

57
Q

disruptive colouration

A

-markings that create the appearance of false edges

58
Q

edge detection in cuttlefish

A

-Change its patterning depending on its background
-Yes capable of contour completion
-can interpret missing visual information (circles partly finished)

59
Q

social intelligence hypothesis

A

suggests that the need to navigate complex social interactions drives the evolution of advanced cognitive abilities.

60
Q
A

Bel👹👹👹 (4 decks)

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