Behaviour Change/Development Theories Flashcards
What is Freud’s Psychoanalytical Theory? (FPT)
Based on instincts and unconscious motivations through the components of personality: Id; ego; superego, formed from psychic energy (Libido).
What is the Id? (FPT)
Human instinctual nature
What is the ego? (FPT)
The rational and objective
What is the superego? (FPT)
Internalised moral standards
What are the three levels of consciousness? (FPT)
Conscious, preconscious, and unconscious.
What does the conscious represent? (FPT)
What we’re thinking at any given moment. It also refers to the ego (objective + rational).
What is the preconscious level? (FPT)
Memories and knowledge we readily call to consciousness, and refers to the superego (moral standards).
What is the unconscious level? (FPT)
thoughts, desires, and impulses of which we are not aware, and the largest level which relates to the Id (instinctual nature).
What is the Psychosexual Theory of Development?
Based on 5 stages of differing ages, suggesting early experiences have long-term effects on personality, and to future sexual activity. This is due to conflict between the Id and superego.
What are the 5 stages of the psychosexual theory?
Oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital.
What is Social Cognitive Theory (or Social Learning Theory)?
Suggests behaviour is learned from the environment of observing/experiencing reinforcement or punishment. (Observational learning)
What research supports the Social Cognitive Theory?
Bandura’s doll experiment, which found children can learn social behaviour like aggression through observation and imitate behaviours as a result. (Observational learning)
What is Bandura’s Self Efficacy Theory?
It suggests a person’s belief in achieving a goal is the key factor in their motivation, behaviour, and performance. (a person’s confidence in their abilities can determine their drives and decisions)
What is Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development?
Suggests children move through four different stages of mental development, focusing on both how children acquire knowledge, and understanding the nature of intelligence.
What are the 4 stages in the Cognitive Development Theory?
Sensorimotor (0-2) using sensors and motor skills.
Preoperational (2-7) is complex thinking, mental imagery, and egocentric thinking.
Concrete operational (7-11) is where logical and rational thinking begins.
Formal operational stage (12+) experiences self-consciousness, and hypothetical-deductive reasoning (what-if thinking).
What is Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Systems Theory?
Explores varied systems of the environment and how they shape a child’s development.
What is the microsystem?
the relationship between the child and their immediate environment, i.e. family, school, work, friends.
What is the mesosystem?
the connections amongst the child’s immediate settings (links between the microsystem and exosystem)
What is the exosystem?
social settings that affect but do not contain the child, i.e parents, mass media, local governments
What is the macrosystem?
the overarching ideology of the culture, i.e social norms, culture, political system, economic system.
What is health promotion?
Process of enabling people to increase control over and improve their health. Uses a range of social and environmental interventions rather than focusing on individual behaviour.
What does a life course approach to health aim to do?
Aims to ensure well-being at all ages, addressing needs by ensuring access to health services, and safeguarding the human right to health throughout an individual’s life time. (W.H.O 2024)
