Behaviour Change Flashcards
2 Stages prior to performing an action - who and what
Gollwitzer, motivation phase - pre-decisional phase, deliberative mindset. Parallels TPB - evaluation of costs, attitudes, norms and percieved control (Ajzen) volitational stage- specific plans are set to follow through intentions. Involves the what and where
Implementation intentions increase correlation between intention and behaviour for smoking (CITE) and food consumption (CITE)
Conner et al - smoking
Armitage -food
Gollwitzer and Sheeran
Meta-analysis found that implementation intentions have a medium-large effect size on goal attainment in range of health behaviours
Reinforcement (5 authors - 1 is an evaluative one)
Reinforcement relates to behavioural change occuring as a result of certain behaviours being positively or negatively reinforced.
West - behaviours are reinforced by their rewarding consequences
The higher the percieved reward, the more likely it is to be reinforced. eg smokers stop when it is no longer perceieved a socially rewarding -Ogden
Reinforcement can occur both explicitly, eg Hendy et al used token economy for 2 weeks and found it to increase fruit and veg intake
And implicitly - eg Antabuse induces sickness when alc is consumed, and therefore indirectly stops the rewarding effects of alc - Finer
However, such effects work better when used in conjunction with other interventions - Wright
Associate learning - definition, one type of conditioning with one study and evaluation
This can be used to reinforce health behaviours and is often employed by marketing campaigns. It involves the pairing of 2 variables so that one variable acquires the value/meaning of the other.
Evaluative conditioning is when an attitude is repeatedly associated with an object to make it more pos/neg
Hollands - paired aversive images with unhealthy foods and found in a subsequent behavioural task that pp chose fruit over high calorie snack
but
Birch - associating something with a reward can be counterintuitive and can lead to the opposite of the desired effect - e.g. child less inclined to eat healthy food
Incentives
These are rooted in reinforcement and are a standard tool in retail industry.
The greater the incentive, the greater the likelihood of behav change - Iynagh
Typically involve finanical incentive, Volpp - this was successful for people who smoke
Sutherland - increased taxes on cig and alc have been linked to a reduction in both
Marteau - these are typically more effective for short-term changes as opposed to long-term. They may also undermine an individual’s autonomy and intrinsic motivation
eg - Goodman - good with weight loss in short term, not long
Most studies use incentives alongside another technique so its hard to understand the relationship- Birch
Exposure
Our experiences are highly predictive of our behaviour
Conner and Armitage - past behaviour accounts for 13% of future behaviour
Marlow - used qulatitative interviews and found that neg past experiences were remembered by women and were a barrier to repeat attendance at a screening clinic
Wardle - 14 days exposure was enough to change a child’s attitude towards a veg that they previously disliked
Birch - found support for exposure and food preference
Carruth and Skinner - parents avoid bothersome behaviour and so fail to repeatedly exposure children to foods
Heath - familiarity
Story and French - role of advertisement
Modelling - family/peers
Influenced by family and media.
Cooke - supported modelling theory- seeing pos impact of others eating
and parental intake (Fisher)
Pearson - more likely to eat breakfast if parents do
Birch and Fisher - correlation between dietary restraint of mother and eating behav of daughter
Harris - peers are main influence
Salvy - differntial influence of peers and parents
CBT supported by … and the 5 self-regulation techniques
Michie
intention formulation, specific goal setting, feedback on performance, review of behavioural goals, and self-monitoring
long term effects of CBT supported by …
however … says for CBT to be effective, the individual must seek out help and want to change for themselves
Consequently, those who don’t see their behaviours as unhealthy will not see a reason to change them
it is a treatment that requires commitment and is expensive therefore cannot be used for minor health behaviours.
Simons
Treasure et al
Renner
Epsie et al
Bandura ..
Self-management approaches, involving people in their own change, have had considerable success in initiating change
Marlow
Three attitudinal barriers were associated with being overdue for screening among BAME women: low perceived risk of cervical cancer due to sexual inactivity, belief that screening is unnecessary without symptoms and difficulty finding an appointment that fits in with other commitments
Self-affirmation theory - 4 authors
people process information in ways that enable them to continue their unhealthy behaviours. Often those most at risk are those less persuaded by risk data and find ways to ignore it and reject it (Jacks & Cameron, 2003)
- the self-affirmation is a way to reduce the risk to avoid threat information (Harris & Upton)
- people are motivated to protect their sense of self-integrity and sense of being adaptively and morally adequate (Steele). Therefore if people are presented with information that threatens their sense of self, they behave defensively or ignore it. BUT if they are presented with a way to self-affirm in another domain, they may be less inclined to ignore the threat.
- Harris and Naper split pp into two conditions, one of which had to self-affirm had to write about something that is important to them. Those in this condition were more accepting of the subsequent health message.
