Behaviour Analysis (BCBA exam prep) Flashcards
An experiment is designed to discover the differential effects of a range of values of an independent variable
Parametric Analysis
Frequency, Latency, Duration or amplitude of a response is altered by the presence or absence of an antecedent stimulus
Stimulus Control
The occurrence of a previously punished class of response
Recovery From Punishment
Arrange a reinforcer for a response that is preceded by some minimum time without responding (spaced responding)
Differential Reinforcement of Low Rates of Behaviour (DRL)
Verbal Behaviour under the control of a non-verbal discriminative stimulus which produces generalised conditioned reinforcement
Tact
Prompts that involve the behaviour of another person to evoke a particular response
Response Prompt
A stimulus in the presence of which some responses have been reinforced and in the absence of which those responses have not been reinforced
Discriminative Stimulus
An operant class that occurs more frequently under some antecedent conditions then under others
Discriminated Operant
Increase in the rate of responding in one setting as a result of a decrease in reinforcement (or an increase in punishment) in another setting
Positive Contrast
Contingency in which reinforcement is not available for a specialised period of time after switching to another alternative (in a concurrent schedule arrangement)
Change Over Delay (COD)
Change in one component of a multiple schedule that increases or decreases the rate of responding on that comment is accompanied by a change in the response rate in the opposite direction on the other, unaltered component of the schedule
Behavioural Contrast
X schedule of reinforcement, in which X refers to the number of previous responses from which the current response must differ in order for reinforcement to occur
Lag Schedule
Measure of the relative change in the rate of responding per unit of time
Celeration
Three ways in which a listener is able to reinforce responses to private events
Public Accompaniment, Collateral Responses and Common properties
Verbal Behaviour controlled by a verbal discriminative stimulus which DOES NOT HAVE point to point correspondence with the response
Intraverbal
Verbal Behaviour which is controlled by verbal discriminative stimuli and have point to point correspondence and formal similarity with the response
Echoic
A neutral stimulus that comes to elicit a conditioned response through pairing with an unconditioned stimulus (US)
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Very weak intensities of a stimulus will not elicit a response but as intensity increases there is a point at which the response is elicited
The Law of Threshold
The extent to which the target behaviours are appropriate, intervention procedures are acceptable, and important and significant changes in target and collateral behaviours are produced
Social Validity
The effects of a participants behaviour in a given condition that are the result of the subjects experience with a prior condition
Sequence Effects
A schedule that requires a number of responses before reinforcement is produced
Ratio Schedule
Decrease in the rate of responding in one setting as a result of an increase in reinforcement in another setting
Negative Contrast
Time-sampling procedure where you record whether the behaviour is occurring only at the end of the interval
Momentary Time Sampling
Recording tangible items or environmental effects that result from a behaviour (outcome recording)
Permanent Recording
The extent to which the observed and measured data matches the true value of that event in nature
Accuracy
As the intensity of the Unconditioned stimulus increases so does the magnitude of the elicited Unconditioned response
The Law of Intensity
Presents two or more basic schedules of reinforcement in an altering, usually random sequence; schedules operate successively and independently; correlated with SDs
Multiple Schedule of Reinforcement (Mult)
Facts about observed events that can be quantified, classified and examine for possible relations with other known facts
Description
Operational definition of a response that includes responses that includes responses at meeting the definition based on their common effect on the environment
Function-Based Definition
Verbal Behaviour that occurs as a result of the state of deprivation for the speaker and reinforcer is specified in the response
Mand
When a specified change in the dependent variable can reliably be produced by specific manipulation of the independent variable and is unlikely to be due to other, extraneous factors
Functional Relation
Following training with if A then B. and if B then C the derived relations of B - A and C - B exemplify
Symmetry
Following training with if A then B, and if B then C, the derived relation of C - A exemplifies
Combined Transitivity and Symmetry (sometimes termed an equivalence test)
A stimulus in the presence of which a response has a lower probability of occurrence than in its absence
Discriminative Stimulus for Punishment
Arranges a reinforcer for a response that occurs within some period of time since the last response (space-responding)
Differential Reinforcement of High Rates of Behaviour (DRH)
Refers to only observable characteristics of behaviour and translates unobservable events into observable ones
Objective (in terms of operational Definition)
Predictable change in dependent variable can be reliably produced by manipulation of the independent variable and is unlikely as a result of uncontrolled or confounding variable
Experimental Control
Behaviour under the control of contingency specifying stimuli
Rule-Governed Behaviour
The reinforcement of responses lower than a predetermined criterion (number of responses) that is gradually decreased over successive sessions
Differential Reinforcement of Diminishing Rates of Behaviour (DRD)
Verbal Behaviour controlled by a verbal discriminative stimulus which has point to point correspondence, but NOT formal similarity
Textual Behaviour
When a UR is repeatedly elicited, responding occurs with smaller magnitude and longer latency. It may eventually fail to occur
Habituation
A negative punishment procedure involving the loss of access to positive reinforcement for a period of time
Time-out From Positive Reinforcement
Reinforcement provided whenever the requirement of either the ratio or interval is met regardless of which is met first
Alternative Schedule (ALT)
The tendency for an operant to occur in one situation, such as the presence of a red light, but not in other situations, such as the presence of a blue or green light
Stimulus Discrimination
Effects of observation and measurement systems on the behaviour being observed
Reactivity
Allows Functional relations to be derived by demonstrating a specific change in one variable is reliably produced by manipulation of another variable and the change is unlikely to be a result of confounding variables (extraneous factors)
Control
Captures only a sample of a behaviour during an observation
Discontinuous Measurement
Form of discontinuous measurement because not all instances of the responses are measured/detected. Observation is divided into equal sized intervals and you record if behaviour occurred during each interval according to the specific rules for each time-sampling procedure
Time-sampling
Continuous questioning of truthfulness and validity of scientific theory and knowledge
Philosophical Doubt
Following training with if A then B, and if B then C he derived relations of A - A, B - B and C - C exemplify
Reflexivity
Rule-governed behaviour occurs not as a result of the contingency specified in the rule but as a result of a….
History of Rule Following
Behaviour which occurs due to reinforcement mediated by a listener
Verbal Behaviour
SD’s that have been altered in some way to make them more likely to prompt a correct response
Within-stimulus prompts
As the intensity if the US increases, the latency of the appearance of the elicited UR decreases
The Law of Latency
Responses that share a common form
Topographical Response Class
An assumption of science that states that conclusions are tentative and should be continually questioned
Philosophical Doubt
A reinforcer that is effective due to its relation to some reinforcer
Conditioned (secondary) Reinforcer
Detectable interaction of a person and an aspect of the environment
Behaviour
Stimuli which share common functions
Functional Stimulus Class
Explanations that place the course of behaviour in unobservable mental processes
Mentalism
Group of stimuli share common (functional or formal) elements
Stimulus Class
If a study is applied it must…..
have social significance and importance to the participants
An assumption of science that states the simple explanations should be ruled out before more complex ones considered
Parsimony
A consequence that increases probability of future response is called a ….
Reinforcer
Behaviours that produce reinforcement independent of the mediation of others
Automatic Reinforcement
Collection of responses with common source of influence from environment
Response Class
If a study is Analytic, then it must …..
Demonstrate a functional relationship between events and behaviour
If a study is behavioural it must …..
Involve a behaviour which is in need of intervention and is measurable (not a hypothetical entity)
Dependent relationship between response class and one or more stimulus classes
Contingency
If a study is conceptually systematic it must …..
involve procedures that are described in terms of basic principles of behaviour
If a study is effective it must ……
Improve the behaviour to a practical degree
If a study is technological it must …..
Describe procedures in sufficient detail to permit replication
If a study is general it must …..
Show effects that last over time, across environments or across behaviours
Measure of the number of response opportunities needed to achieve a predetermined level of performance
Trials to Criterion
A direct measure of social validity where participants are provided with a choice between two or more initial link responses (e.g., touching a coloured card or pressing a button) After completing an initial link response, participants are exposed to the intervention associated with that initial link in the terminal link
Concurrent chains procedure
A stimulus change that has been paired with numerous unconditioned and conditioned punishers
Generalised Conditioned Punisher
Stimulus that elicits a behaviour without any history
Unconditioned Stimulus (US)
Procedures for detecting and recording the number of times a behaviour is observed (e.g., count, rate)
Event Recording
Punishment that occurs independent of the social mediation of others
Automatic Punishment
Four methods of pairing US and CS
Simultaneous, Trace, Backwards and Delayed
Arrangement of conditions to evaluate experimental control
Experimental Design
Definition describes what is included and excluded so there is little room for interpretation
Complete (in terms of operational definition
Defining features of Relational Frames
Mutual Entailment, Combinational Entailment and Transformation of Function
Behaviour that has been shaped by direct acting contingencies
Contingency-shaped Behaviour
Have the same effects that motivating operations have, but are due to a conditioning history
Conditioned Motivating Operations (CMO)
Following training with if A then B, and if B then C the derived relation of A - C exemplifies
Transitivity
Aims to capture every possible behavioural occurrence
Continuous Measurement
The demonstration of Reflexivity, Symmetry, Transitivity, and Combined symmetry and transitivity
An Equivalence Class
Increase in reinforcing effectiveness of a stimulus (value altering effect of MO)
Establishing Operation (EO)
Two or more contingencies of reinforcement operating independently and simultaneously for two or more behaviours
Concurrent Schedule of Reinforcement (Conc)
Same as multi schedule BUT schedules in operation are NOT correlated with Discriminated Stimulus (SD)
Mixed Schedule (Mix)
Stimulus generalisation within a class of stimuli and stimulus discrimination between classes of stimuli
Concept Formation
Pairing an existing CS with an NS to create CS(2)
Higher-order Conditioning (respondent)
A schedule effect produced by both fixed interval and fixed ratio schedule
Post-reinforcement Pause
Arrangements that specify which responses within an operant class will be reinforced
Schedules of Reinforcement
A schedule that require a passing of a period of time before the next response produces reinforcement
Interval Schedule
The extent to which the data obtained from measurement are directly relevant to the target behaviour of interest and the reasons for obtaining it
Validity
Response lacking clear beginning and end and extend across time
Continuous Response
When data consistently over- or under-estimate behaviour; may occur if participants are aware of experimental conditions
Bias
Definable and measurable variable characteristic, dimension, property of value
Parameter
Something that appears to exist because of the way it is measured
Measurement Artifact
The amount of time a behaviour occurs
Duration
Time-sampling procedure where you record if behaviour occurred throughout entire interval
Whole-interval time sampling
The overall directions taken by a data path can be increasing, decreasing, steady or not
Trend
where would we anticipate the next data point would be
Prediction
Have a discriminable beginning and end
Discrete Response
Amount of time that elapses between two consecutive instances of a response
Interresponse Time
Measure of time between onset of stimulus and initiation of response
Latency
The variable that is systematically manipulated by the researcher in an experiment to see if changes result in systematic and reliable changes in the dependent variable
Independent Variable
Non-experimental design where a baseline phase precedes an intervention (or the independent variable) phase
AB Design
Variation of the reversal design that begins with the treatment phase (B), a withdrawal of the treatment variable (A) and subsequent reintroduction of the treatment variable
BAB Design
Removal of a stimulus, following a behaviour resulting in decrease in future frequency of behaviour
Negative Punishment
The response ratio or time requirement does not change from one reinforced response to another
Fixed Schedule
The degree to which a study’s findings have generality to subjects, settings or behaviours
External Validity
Following pairings of US and CS the maximum magnitude of the CR is called the ….
Asymptote
A class of Stimuli that share common physical forms
Feature Stimulus Class
An experiment in which the researcher attempts to duplicate exactly the conditions of an earlier experiment
Direct Replication
Procedures to measure duration, response latency and interresponse time
Timing
The consistency of measurements. Specifically, the extent to which repeated measurements yields the same values
Reliability
Unintended change in the way an observer uses a measurement system over the course of an investigation
Observer Drift
When a response is followed immediately by a stimulus change that decreases the future frequency of similar responses
Punishment
1) Value altering effects (reinforcing effectiveness)
2) Behaviour altering effects
Motivating Operations
A class of stimuli that do not share common physical forms, but are determined via social convention
Arbitrary Stimulus Class
Presentation of a Stimulus following a behaviour resulting in decrease in future frequency of behaviour
Positive Reinforcement
An increase in the frequency of responding when an extinction procedure is initially implemented
Extinction Burst
A response elicited by conditioned stimulus
Conditioned Response (CR)
Strongest single-subject design that requires at least 3 consecutive phases. Initial baseline (A), Intervention (B), and return to baseline (A)
Reversal Design
Number of responses emitted during an observational period
Count
Reinforcement provided whenever the requirement of both a ratio schedule and an interval schedule is met
Conjunctive Schedule (Conj)
Repeating independent variable manipulations and obtaining similar outcomes
Replication
Count (number) of responses per standard unit of time
Rate/Frequency
Operational definition of a response that includes responses on meeting the definition based on their form or shape
Topography-based Definition
Any event that occurs within or outside of the experiment that may account for the results
History (in terms of a suject confound)
Increasing response ratio or duration of time interval of a schedule of reinforcement
Schedule Thinning
Prompts that involve changing an antecedent stimulus to evoke a particular behaviour
Stimulus Prompts
Demonstrating that the prior level of responding would have remained unchanged
Verification
Relative probability that when one event occurs, another event will or will not occur based on repeated observations revealing relationships between events
Prediction
Fluctuating or changing levels of responding
Variability
The response ratio or the time requirement can change from one reinforced response to another
Variable Schedule
A consequence that decreases the rate of behaviour because of having been paired with another punisher
Conditioned Punisher
Increase in current frequency of behaviour (behaviour altering effect of MO)
Evocative Effects
A schedule of reinforcement which provides reinforcement for every occurrence of a behaviour
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule (CRF)
An experimental design in which an initial baseline phase is followed by a series of treatment phases consisting of successive and gradually changing criteria for reinforcement or punishment. Experimental control is evidenced by the extent the level responding changes conform to each new criterion
Changing Criterion Design
A method for conducting a component analysis where components are initially evaluated in isolation and then combined into a treatment package
Add-inn Method
An experimental design that begins with the concurrent measurement of two or more behaviours in a baseline condition, followed by the application of the treatment variable to one of the behaviours while baseline conditions remain in effect for the other behaviours. Can have multiple baseline design across behaviours, settings or participants.
Multiple Baseline Design
A variation of the multiple baseline design that features intermittent probes during baseline
Multiple Probe Design
An experimental design where two or more conditions are presented in a rapidly alternating succession
Multi-element Design (or Alternating Treatments Design)
A treatment integrity error where additional procedures are implemented that are not outlined in the protocol
Commission Error
Some on multi schedule BUT the schedules occr in a specific order and conditioned reinforcement for first behaviour is the presentation of the second element and so on
Chained Schedules of Reinforcement (Chain)
Similar to the chained schedule except the schedule does not use discriminative stimuli
Tandem Schedule
Abrupt increases in ratio requirements who moving from dense to thinner reinforcement schedules
Ratio Strain
Any experimental design used to identify the active components of a treatment package relative contributions of different components f a treatment package and the necessary and sufficient components of an intervention package
Component Analysis
A treatment integrity error where components of the protocol are not implemented as dictated by the protocol
Omission Error
Distribution of behaviour between or among alternative sources of reinforcement is equal to the distribution of reinforcement for the alternatives
Matching Law
Decrease in current frequency of behaviour (behaviour altering effect of MO)
Abative Effect
Time-sampling procedure where you record if behaviour occurred at any time during an interval
Partial-Interval Time-sampling
Level of behaviour from earlier phase cannot be reproduced again under the same conditions
Irreversibility
Kind of learning in which one stimulus is paired with a second stimulus and, as a result, the first comes to elicit the same or similar response that the second elicits
Respondent (Classical) Conditioning
A method for conducting a component analysis where the entire intervention package is evaluated at the beginning and then components are successively removed from the treatment package
Drop Out Method
Responses that occur in the presence of the SD are reinforced, responses that occur in the presence of the S Delta are not
Discrimination Training
The effect on responding when stimuli share similar physical characteristics with the controlling stimulus evoke the same behaviour as the controlling stimulus
Stimulus Generalisation
The value on the vertical axis where the data fall (i.e., how much responding is occurring)
Level
The act of assigning numbers and units to objects or events so that we can make a meaningful decision about behaviour
Measurement
A consequence that decreases the probability of the future response is called …..
Punisher
Reinforcement remains available for a finite time following the elapse of the FI or VI interval
Limited Hold
No change in level, trend or variability
Steady State
The variable in an experiment measured to determine if it changes as a result of the manipulation of the independent variable. The level of the dependent variable depends on the independent variable
Dependent Variables
An experiment in which the researcher purposely varies one or more aspects of an earlier experiment
Systematic Replication
Improvements in performance because of repeated opportunities to perform behaviour
Practice Effects
A variation of the multiple baseline design in which an initial baseline are begun for one behaviour (or setting or subject) and subsequent baselines for additional behaviours are begun in a delayed fashion
Delayed Multiple Baseline Design
The degree to which two (or more) individuals independently score the same behaviour using the same measurement system
Interobserver Agreement (IOA)
Definition is readable, unambiguous, and refers only to the target behaviour and does not include other behaviour
Clear (in terms of operational definition)
Stimulus that does not elicit a response prior to conditioning
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Decrease in reinforcing effectiveness of a stimulus (value altering effect of MO)
Abolishing Operation
Decrease in the strength of a CR as a result of presenting the CS alone
Respondent Extinction
Verbal Behaviour which consists of writing and spelling words that are spoken
Transcription
Response elicited by an unconditioned stimulus
Unconditioned Response (UR)
Generalized rule following is an example of …..
Higher-Order Response Class
Systematic thinning or each successive reinforcement opportunity independent of the organisms behaviour (ratio or interval)
Progressive Schedules of Reinforcement
Additional stimuli presented in conjunction with the SD to help a person make the correct response
Extra Stimulus Prompts
Distribution of behaviour reinforcement alternatives
Choice
The extent to which an experiment shows convincingly that changes in behaviour are a function of the independent variable and not the result of unknown or uncontrolled variables
Internal Validity
A schedule that delivers reinforcers independently of responses but according to a period of time that varies
Variable Time Schedule
A schedule that delivers reinforcers independently of responses but according to a period of time that stays constant
Fixed Time Schedule
The extent to which the independent variable of an experiment is delivered as described in the protocol
Treatment Integrity
Thorndike’s “____ of effect” detailed the role of ______ in learning
Law
Consequences
Responses that share common functional relations
Functional Response Class
Part of the environment that affects behaviour
Stimulus
Unit of analysis describing a behaviour and consequence
Two-term Contingency
Removal (or avoidance) of a stimulus, following a behaviour, increase in future frequency of behaviour
Negative Reinforcement
A stimulus that when presented after a behaviour, decrease the rate of behaviour
Positive Punisher
Stimulus that when withdrawn after a behaviour, decreases the rate of behaviour
Negative Punisher
The effect of the environment during an organisms lifetime
Ontogenetic Variables
Behaviour relations that are based on the genetic endowment of an organism
Phylogenetic Variable
Food, Water, Oxygen, Warmth, Sex are all types of …..
Unconditioned (primary) Reinforcers
Specific instance of a response class
Response
The branch of behaviour analysis that deals with philosophy of the science of behaviour
Radical Behaviourism
The three branches of Behaviour Analysis?
Experimental Analysis of Behaviour
Radical Behaviourism
Applied Behaviour Analysis
Assumption of science: The world is a lawful and orderly place
Determinism
Behaviour and/or stimuli only observable by oneself
Private Event
Addition of stimulus, following a behaviour, resulting in increase in future frequency of behaviour
Positive Reinforcement
The unit of analysis involving antecedent, behaviour and consequence (ABC)
Three term contingency
A stimulus that does not elicit or evoke a response prior to conditioning
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Reduced effectiveness of the reinforcer, because the organism has received to much of it
Satiation
Reinforcers that do not depend on a prior learning history
Unconditioned (Primary) Reinforcers
Type of reinforcer that does not depend its relation to other reinforcers
Unconditioned (Primary) Reinforcer
The seven dimensions of applied behaviour analysis
Applied Behavioural Analytic Effective Conceptually Systematic General Technological
In avoidance, the behaviour _______ the stimulus
Prevents (or postpones)
Stimulus that, when withdrawn after a behaviour, increases the future frequency of that behaviour
Negative Reinforcer
Repeating experiments (and the IV within experiments) in order to determine reliability of findings
Replication
Explaining the occurrence of behaviour by appealing to a description of the very same behaviour
Circular Reasoning
Who first established behaviour as the subject matter of Psychology
John Watson
Reinforcers that depend on a persons learning history
Conditioned (Secondary) Reinforcers
A learned reinforcer that has become effective for a wide range of behaviours under a variety of situations
Generalized Conditioned Reinforcer
Stimuli which share formal stimulus properties
Formal Stimulus Class
Following extinction, a temporary reappearance of the behaviour
Spontaneous Recovery
Systematic manipulation of some measure of the phenomenon of interest in order to identify functional relation
Experimentation
In escape, the behaviour_______ the stimulus
Terminates
Any physical event that influences behaviour that is not part of behaviour (can include organism itself)
Environment
Extinction of a behaviour maintained by sensory reinforcers. The sensory reinforcers are withheld.
Sensory Extinction
Learning, whereby a class of behaviour is modified by its consequences
Operant Conditioning
An assumption of science involving the objective observation of the phenomenon of interest
Empiricism
The extent to which behaviour persists when the maintaining reinforcer is withheld
Resistance to Extinction (RTE)
The tendency of one event to vary in a regular way with one or more other events
Functional Relation
A stimulus that follows behaviour and effects the probability it will occur again
Consequence
Relationship in which an individual serves two potentially conflicting roles
Dual Relationship
Consequence the person can access by oneself (i.e., without the help of another person)
A non-socially mediated consequence
The process of identifying the contingencies for behaviour
Functional Behaviour Assessment (FBA)
Behaviour that is problematic because of the nature of the behaviour or the frequency, duration or intensity of the behaviour
Behaviour Excess
Dependent and or temporal relations between operant behaviour and controlling variables
Contingency
A range of methods used to identify behaviours targeted for change quantitative and qualitative features of behaviours, and the variables influencing behaviours
Behavioural Assessment
Experiment manipulations of environmental stimuli to show causal relationships between behaviour and environmental stimuli
Functional Analysis
Direct observation methods to identify correlations relationships between behaviour and specific environmental stimuli
Descriptive Assessment
Antecedent that sets the occasion for behaviour to occur because it is associated with the availability of reinforcement
Discriminative Stimulus (SD)
Situation in which one party has a varied interest in the outcome of a particular situation
Conflict of Interest
The purpose the behaviour serves; the reinforcer for behaviour
Function
Data collection strategies that do not involve direct observation
Indirect Methods
Descriptive assessment that involves recording potentially relevant antecedent and consequence events each time the target behaviour(s) occur (s)
Narrative ABC recording
Statistic that reveals the proportion of behaviour that occurred in the presence of certain environmental events or the proportion of events that were associated with behaviour
Conditional Probability (CP)
Descriptive assessment that involves recording potentially relevant antecedent and consequent events regardless of whether the target behaviour occurred
Continuous ABC Recording
Gathering information from others to form hypotheses about relevant contingencies
Indirect Assessment
FA in which exposure to conditions occurs outside the natural environment
Analogue FA
Data collection strategies that involve direct observations
Direct Methods
Recording strategy that shows temporal patterns of behaviour
Scatter Plot
Consequence that requires the behaviour of another person in order to access the stimulus
Socially Mediated Consequence
Behaviour that is missing from the persons repertoire
Behavioural Deficit
FA conditions which each time the problem behaviour occurs, social attention is given to the person
Contingent Attention Condition
Situation in which the organism can access reinforcement without the mediation of another organism
Automatic Reinforcement
FA condition in which the person is placed in an austere environment without access to social reinforcement
Alone Condition
FA in which exposure to conditions occurs within the natural environment
Naturalistic FA
FA condition in which a series of demands are placed on the person, but if the problem behaviour occurs, then the demand is removed
Contingent Escape Condition
FA condition in which all consequences that could be maintaining the behaviour are present
Control Condition
FA condition in which problem behaviour results in access to preferred items
Contingent Tangible Condition
