Behaviorism/Traditional Behavior Therapy Flashcards
Slide with Graph–REVIEW IT!!!
Pavlov was the original guy w/ the dog/bell…you can condition responses and thats classical conditioning
that led into a lot of work in behaviorism, more operant conditioning. Cuz classical is just a physiological response. This is more about rewards and punishments shaping behavior
that led to traditional behavior therapy–its a lot about rewards and punishment. its less about classical conditioning but its more about adding rewards to see what you want and removing them to see less of a behavior
cognitiive behavior is really based more on bandura’s social cognitive theory
What was BEHAVIORISM rebelling against?
- Dissatisfaction with introspection
- Growing concerns about measurement
- Skepticism about psychoanalytic theory
- The prevalent Darwinian view that individuals were limited by their genes
- Pavlov and his salivating dogs
- Discovery of “psychic secretion” in dogs
classical conditioning – Pavlov’s dog
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS, MEAT)—> Unconditioned response UR (saliva)
Conditioned Stimulus (CS, BELL)—>Unconditioned Stimulus (MEAT) —–>Unconditioned Response (UR, Saliva)
Conditioned Stimulus (CS, BELL)—-> Conditioned Response (CR, SALIVA)
classical conditioning–extinguishing an association
getting rid of the association by no longer pairing the conditioned stimulus
classical conditioning–habituating to a stimulus
if nothing pleasant or unpleasant happens after stimulus, individual will fail to respond to stimulus (e.g. loud noise, usually react, but if nothing happens will eventually stop responding)
-It’s not getting USED to the stimulus but rather getting exposed to a stimulus that usually indicates danger, but bc exposed multiple times w/ no danger then the result is the stimulus no longer causes alarm
classical conditioning–generalizing learned associations
heard one bell, now salivates to all bells, buzzers and other sounds
classical conditioning–differentiating stimuli
does it matter which bell rings? Maybe only the small bell (not large) is the one that comes before meat
classical conditioning–differentiating stimuli: dog trauma
- Pavlov taught dogs to salivate to a circle and not to salivate to an ellipse
- He made the differentiating task more difficult by making the ellipse increasingly circular
- Dogs experienced a “freak out” (experimental neurosis) when they were unable to differentiate the two shapes
- This conflict may have been due to an unsolvable conflict (shades of Freud!)
Watson
- Became the first major proponent of behaviorism in america
- Declared study of mental events as unscientific and fruitless
- Wrote “Psychology as the behaviorist sees it” in 1913
Case of Little Albert
- Watson wanted to show that phobias are due not to complex Oedipal problems but to simple learning experiences
- He induced a fear of rats in an 11-month baby
Skinner and Operant Conditioning
- Built on work of Thorndike, who found that animals are more likely to repeat behaviors that lead to pleasant consequences
- He focused on learning that results from the CONSEQUENCES of how organisms operate on their environments
- B.F. Skinner is one of a number of radical behaviorists who believed that the study of the mind was not the domain of psychology
- “The objection to inner states is not that they do not exist, but that they are not relevant in a functional analysis”
- He thought of humans as “black boxes” and was more concerned with the “input” and “output” of the boxes than what went on inside of the boxes
Operant conditioning–terminology
Positive reinforcement (Reward: provide pleasure)
Negative reinforcement (Reward: remove displeasure)
Frustrative nonreward (aka: Negative punishment; remove pleasure)
Punishment: (aka: positive punishment; provide displeasure)
Shaping– sometimes a kid or adult cant do the behavior youre immediately hoping they’ll be able to do. Initially you might reward them when they do something close to what you want them to do. then you get more selective.
Token Economy–youre not getting an immediate reward but you get a thing and then you get to use that thing once it accumulates to get a bigger reward. Ex 5 stickers is a prize
Wolpe and the beginnings of modern behavior therapy
- Found that fear responses conditioned into cats could quickly be “counterconditioned” by pairing feared stimulus with food
- He believed that this worked through “innhibition” : eating inhibits fear responses
- He realized food was not practical for treatment of humans, so he focused on relaxation (through progressive muscle relaxation, thinkining u cant simultaneously do a good thing and a bad thing. u cant be anxious when u relax)
- Lazarus was a student of Wolpe
How Wolpe got ppl to face their fears
- Wolpe needed a practical means to expose people with phobias to the feared stimulus
- Many people were not willing or able to face the worst case scenario initially
- Wolpe developed the idea of a hierarchy of feared situations, from low to high fear
- in systematic desensitization, clients work their way up this hierarchy
Developments in Systematic Desensitization
Wolpe developed IMAGINAL desensitization for fears that did not lend themselves to direct exposure. In this case, feared situations are imagined.
Live exposure-in vivo desensitization
Flooding therapy goes straihgt to the top of the hierarchy of fears
