Behavioral Sciences Chap 1 Flashcards
sensory neurons
receptors to spinal cord and brain
afferent
motor neurons
receptions to muscles and glands
efferent
interneurons
found between neurons and most numerous neuron
linked to reflexive behavior
peripheral nervous system
most cranial and spinal nerves
made up of nerve tissue and fibers outside brain and spinal cord
connects CNS to rest of body
which cranial nerves are considered components of PNS?
olfactory/smell nerve (CN I) and optic nerve (CN II)
somatic
sensory and motor neurons throughout skin, joints, muscles
autonomic
- regulates heartbeat, respiration, digestion, glandular secretions
- automatic, independent of conscious control
meninges
covers brain with thick sheath of connective tissue
what are the 3 layers of meninges?
dura mater (below bone) arachnoid mater (below dura mater) pia mater (below arachnoid mater)
cerebrospinal fluid
aqueous solution where brain and spinal cord rest
produced by specialized cells that line ventricles of brain
ventricles
internal cavities of brain
hindbrain
balance, motor coordination, breathing, digestion, sleeping, waking
contains cerebellum, medulla oblongata, reticular formation
medulla oblongata
HR, respiration
pons
sensory and motor pathways between cortex and medulla
cerebellum
maintain posture and balance
damage to cerebellum causes what?
clumsiness, slurred speech, loss of balance
alcohol can affect speech and balance
midbrain
involuntary reflex responses by visual and auditory
stimuli
contains inferior and superior colliculus
superior colliculus
visual
located in midbrain
inferior colliculus
auditory
located in midbrain
forebrain
emotion and memory
thalamus, hypothalamus, basal ganglia, limbic system, cerebral cortex
embryonic forebrain
prosencephalon
what are the parts of the prosencephalon
telencephalon
diencephalon
embryonic midbrain
mesencephalon
embryonic hindbrain
rhombencephalon
what are the parts of the rhombencephalon
metencephalon
myelencephalon
what are the parts of the diencephalon
hypothalamus, thalamus, posterior pituitary, pineal gland
what are the parts of the telencephalon
cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, limbic system
thalamus
relay station for incoming senses except smell
hypothalamus
maintains homeostasis
lateral hypothalamus
triggers eating and drinking
what happens when lateral hypothalamus destroyed
lack hunger
Ventromedial hypothalamus
provides signal to stop eating
what happens when ventromedial hypothalamus destroyed
very much hungry
brain lesions can lead to obesity
anterior hypothalamus
controls sexual behavior
regulates sleep and body temperature
what happens when anterior hypothalamus destroyed
asexual
posterior pituitary
releases antidiuretic hormone/ADH aka vasopresson and oxytocin
pineal gland
coordinate muscle movements
damage to pineal gland causes
Parkinsons disease (jerky movements, uncontrolled resting tremors)
schizophrenia
OCD
limbic system
emotion and memory
what is limbic system composed of
septal nuclei, amygdala, hippocampus
septal nuclei
primary pleasure center of brain
amygdala
role in defensive and aggressive behaviors
what happens when amydala damaged
aggression and fear reactions are reduced
hippocampus
learning and memory
anterograde amnesia
cant establish long term memories after brain injury
retrograde amnesia
memory loss of events before brain injury
Kluver Bucy syndrome
increased sexual behavior
reduced fear responses
hyperorality: examination of objects by mouth
cerebral cortex
outer surface of brain aka neocortex
has gyri and sulci
cerebrum divided in 2 hemispheres
surface divided into 4 lobes
frontal lobe
prefrontal and motor cortex
prefrontal cortex
perception, memory, emotion, impulse control, long term planning
example of association area
association area
integrated input from diverse brain regions
projection area
performs simpler perceptual and motor tasks (i.e. visual cortex receives input from retina and motor cortex)
what happens when prefrontal cortex is damaged
more impulsive, less control of behavior, depressed, apathetic, inappropriate sexual remarks
primary motor cortex
- located on precentral gyrus (in front of central sulcus)
- initiates voluntary motor movements
- projection area
Brocas area
speech production
usually found in dominant hemisphere
parietal lobe
somatosensory cortex located on postcentral gyrus (behind central sulcus)
associated with spatial processing and manipulation
touch, pain, pressure, temperature
occipital lobe
contains visual/striate cortex
temporal lobe
associated with auditory cortex and Wernicke’s area
Wernicke’s area
language reception and comprehension
contralaterality
one side of brain communicated with opposite side of body
ipsilaterality
hemispheres communicated with same side of body
dominant hemisphere
primarily analytic
math skills, Brocas area, langugae comprehension (Wernickes area)
nondominant hemisphere
intuition, creativity, music cognition, spatial processing
interprets emotional tone, recognizes moods based on visual and auditory cues
corpus callosum
communication between 2 hemispheres
reticular formation
arousal and alertness
reflex arcs
ability of interneurons in spinal cord to relay information to source of stimuli while simultaneously routing it to brain
