Behavioral Sciences Flashcards
What are the three types of neurons in nervous system?
Motor (efferent), interneuron, sensory (afferent)
What is the function of parasympathetic nervous system vs Sympathetic nervous system
parasympathetic- rest and digest
sympathetic- fight or flight
What actions occur in parasympathetic system?
-Constrict pupils
- stimulate flow of saliva
-Constrict bronchi
-Slows heartbeat
-stimulates peristalsis
-stimulate bile release
-contracts bladder
What actions occur in sympathetic system?
-Dilate pupils
-inhibits Saliva
-Dilates bronchi
-Accelerates heartbeat
-inhibits peristalsis and secretion
-Stimulates glucose production and release
-inhbits bladder contraction
Which brain structures are in the Hindbrain?
Hindbrain: cerebellum, medulla oblongata, reticular formation
Which brain structures are in the midbrain ?
inferior and superior colliculus
which brain structures are in the forebrain ?
thalamus, hypothalamus, basal ganglia, limbic system and cerebral cortex
What is the function of the thalamus?
relay station for sensory system
function of hypothalamus?
maintain homeostasis and integrate endocrine system through hypophyseal portal system (connecting to anterior pituitary)
Function of Basal Ganglia?
Basal Ganglia: smoothens movements and helps maintain postural stability
What is function of limbic system?
controls emotion and memory
which structures are part of limbic system?
Amygdala (fear and aggression) hippocampus (memory0 and fornix (communication)
What is the function of Acetylcholine?
voluntary muscle control, parasympathetic nervous system, attention and alertness
What is the function of Dopamine?
smooth movements, postural stability
What is function of Serotonin?
controls mood, sleep ,eating, dreaming
What is Weber’s Law?
Discusses that the just-noticeable difference is proportional to magnitude of stimulus (and constant over most stimuli)
What is the visual pathway ?
Retina—> Optic nerve—> optic chiasm—> optic tracts—> Lateral geniculate nucleus (thalamus)—> visual radiations—> Visual cortex
What ear structure detects sound?
Cochlea
Which ear structures detect linear acceleration?
Utricle and saccule
which ear structures detect rotational acceleration ?
Semicircular Canals
What is the Auditory pathway?
Cochlea—> Vestibulocochlear nerve—> medial geniculate nucleus—> auditory cortex
What are the touch modalities for Somatosensation?
pressure, vibration, pain and temperature
Describe Bottom Up processing
recognize objects by parallel processing and feature detection
(Slower, but less mistakes)
Describe Top down processing
recognize objects by memories and expectations (pay little attention to detail)
- fast, prone to more mistakes
Differentiate between positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement
Positive reinforcement : Adding a stimulus to continue the behavior
Negative reinforcement: Removing a stimulus to continue behavior
(reinforcement: always continuing behavior)
Differentiate between positive punishment and negative punishment
Positive Punishment : Adding a stimulus to Stop behavior
Negative Punishment : removing a stimulus to stop behavior
punishment: always stopping behavior
What waves are present in awake stage? Features?
Beta and Alpha waves
features: perceive,process and express information
What waves are present in stages 1 and 2 ? Features ?
Stage 1: theta ; light sleep
Stage 2 theta : sleep spindles and K complexes
What waves appear in stages 3 and 4? Features?
stage 3/4 : Delta
slow-wave sleep, declarative memory,
Which waves appear in REM stage ? Features?
Mostly beta; Appear awake physiologically; procedural memory
Which sleep disorders are dyssomnias?
Narcolepsy, Insomnia, sleep apnea, and sleep deprivation
which sleep disorders are parasomnias?
night terrors and sleep walking
Which pathway mediates drug addiction? What structures are involved?
Mesolimbic pathway: nucleus accumbens, medial forebrain bundle, ventral tegmental area
(dopamine- main neurotransmitter)
Which drugs are depressants and what are their functions
Alcohol, barbiturates, benzodiazepines
- sense of relaxation and reduced anxiety
which drugs are stimulants? function?
amphetamines, cocaine, ecstasy
-increase arousal
which drugs are opiates/opoids? Functions?
Heroin, morphine, opium, pain pills
-decreased reaction to pain; euphoria
which drugs represent hallucinogens? functions?
LSD, Peyote, mescaline, ketamine, mushrooms
-distort reality and fantasy; introspection
Differentiate between deductive reasoning and inductive reasoning ?
Deductive reasoning: make a conclusion from general rules
inductive reasoning: make a generalization from evidence
What is conduction aphasia? How does it occur?
inability to repeat words even if speech generation and comprehension is intact
-damage to the arcuate fasiculus (connects Broca’s to wernicke’s area)
What are the seven universal emotions ?
happiness, sadness, contempt, surprise, fear, disgust, and anger
What occurs in primary appraisal of stress?
you classify a potential stressor as irrelevant, benign-positive or stressful
Describe what occurs in secondary appraisal of stress ?
you evaluate whether the organism can cope with stress based on threat, harm and challenge
What are the three stages of general adaptation syndrome ?
alarm, resistance and exhaustion
What is cyclothymic disorder ?
Disorder that contains hypomanic episodes and dysthymia (milder form of depression)
What is Agoraphobia?
fear of places or situations where it is hard for an individual to escape
List Erikson’s 8 stages of psychosocial development
- Trust vs Mistrust
- Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt
- Initiative vs Guilt
- Industry vs Inferiority
- Identity vs Role confusion
- Intimacy vs Isolation
- Generativity vs Stagnation
- Integrity vs Despair
Describe trait theorist’s big Five?
- Openness
-Conscientiousness - Extraversion
-Agreeableness - Neuroticism
(OCEAN)
What is Conversion disorder?
Conversion Disorder: having unexplained symptoms that affect motor or sensory function
Which personality disorders fall in cluster A?
Paranoid, schizotypal, schizoid
(A: odd, eccentric)
Which personality disorders fall in cluster B?
-antisocial, borderline, histrionic, narcissistic
(dramatic, emotional, erratic, wild)
which personality disorders fall in cluster C?
Avoidant, dependent, obsessive-compulsive
(fearful, worried)
Differentiate between group polarization and groupthink
Group polarization : make decisions in a group that are more EXTREME than individual ideas
group think: make decisions within a group without considering outside ideas
Differentiate between conformity and compliance
Conformity : changing your belief or behavior to fit in a society
Compliance : changing your behavior based on the request of others
