Behavioral Science Flashcards

Question

What is the main difference between anterograde and retrograde amnesia?

Answer 1

1. Anterograde: not able to form new long-term memories 2. Retrograde: Memory loss before injury

Answer 2

1. Frontal Lobe (blue) 2. Parietal Lobe (pink) 3. Occipital Lobe (purple) 4. Temporal Lobe (green)

Answer 3

1. Manages executive function by supervising and directing the operations of other brain regions 2. Communicates with reticular formation in the brainstem

Answer 4

Association Area: prefrontal Projection Area: primary motor

Answer 5

Association area is an area that integrates input from diverse regions of brain Projection area preforms rudimentart perceptual and motor tasks

Answer 6

Initiates voluntary motor movements by sending neural impulses down the spinal cord towards the muscles

Answer 7

1. Located in pareital lobe on the post central gyrus 2. Area for incoming/processing sensory signals for touch, pressure, temperature, and pain

Answer 8

Visual cortex (striate cortex)

Answer 9

1. Auditory cortex: sound processing, speech 2. Wernicke's area: language reception and comprehension 3. Memory processing, emotion

Answer 10

One that is more heavily stimulated during language reception and production?

Answer 11

Dominant: more analytical/logic/language nondominant: emotions, faces, spatial processing, creativity, music cognition

Answer 12

ipsilaterally: same side contralaterally: opposite side

Answer 13

1. Epinephrine 2. norepinephrine 2. dopamine

Answer 14

Neuromodulators are slow and longer effects on postsynaptic cells than neurotransmitters

Answer 15

A neuromodulator that is a natural pain killer

Answer 16

Hypophyseal portal system

Answer 17

1. Adrenal medulla: releases epinephrine and norepinephrine 2. Adrenal cortex: produces corticosteroids, such as cortisol. Produce testosterone and estrogen

Answer 18

1. Anterior and posterior 2. Anterior

Answer 19

Likelihood that bother twins exhibit the same trait

Answer 20

Neurulation

Answer 21

1. Alar plate: differentiates into sensory neurons 2. Basal plate: differenitates into motor neurons

Answer 22

1. Rooting: turns head towards direction of any objects touching the cheek 2. Moro: in response to sudden head movement, arms extent and slowly retract, baby cries 3. Babinski: extension of big tow and fanning of other toes in response to brushing the sole of foot 4. Grasping: holding onto any object placed in hand

Answer 23

1. gross motor development progress in a head-to-toe fashion 2. Skills develope at the core prior to extremities

Answer 24

estrogen and testosterone

Answer 25

1. Neural folds 2. Neural crest and neural tube

Answer 26

Distal are the physical objects and proximal are the sensory stimulating byproducts that directly interact with sensory receptors

Answer 27

1. Collection of neuron cell bodies 2. Found outside the CNS

Answer 28

Infor received by CNS that does not cross threshold

Answer 29

1. Difference threshold are proportional 2. Difference thresholds must be computed as percentages 3. proportion is constant over most of the range of possible stimuli

Answer 30

how internal (psychological) and external (environmental) factors influence thresholds for perception and sensation allows us to look at response bias

Answer 31

1. Sensory receptor 2. Afferent neuron 3. Sensory Ganglion 4. Spinal Cord 5. Brain (projection area)

Answer 32

Noise: signal presented Catch: no signal presented

Answer 33

1. Hit: Signal presented--\> "Yes" 2. Miss: Signal presented --\> "No" 3. False Alarm: Signal Absent---\> "Yes" 4. Correct Negative: Signal Absent--\> "No"

Answer 34

1. Choroidal Vessels: intermingling of blood vessels between the sclera and retina 2. Retinal Vessels

Answer 35

1. light passes through 2. gathers/focuses the incoming light

Answer 36

1. Anterior: in front of the iris 2. Posterior: btw the iris and lens

Answer 37

1. Dilator pupillae 2. Constrictor pupillae

Answer 38

1. continuous with iris 2. vascular layer of connective tissue 3. provides nutrishment to retina

Answer 39

1. Choroid 2. Ciliary body

Answer 40

1.Produces the aqueous humor that bathes the front part of the eye

Answer 41

canal of schlemn

Answer 42

provides structural support

Answer 43

1. Pulls the suspensory ligaments 2. Change shape of the lens to focus on an image (accommadation)

Answer 44

Vitreous Humor

Answer 45

retina contains two kinds of photoreceptors: 1. light-and-dark detection: rod 2. specialized color detection: cones

Answer 46

1. Cones are more effective in bright color and come in three forms (short, medium, long), rods have reduced illumination 2. rods are more functional than cones because each rod is highly sensitive to photons and easier to stimulate 3. rods are not good at detecting fine detail because spread over larger area of retina

Answer 47

macula cones

Answer 48

fovea concentration of cones decreases, rods decrease

Answer 49

1. Cornea 2. Pupil 3. Len 4. Vitreous 5. retina (bipolar cells --\>ganglion cells) 6. optic nerve 7. optic chiasm 8: optic tract 9. LGN 10. radiation through temporal and pariental lobes 11. visual cortex

Answer 50

the number of cones converging onto ganglion cells is smaller than for rods

Answer 51

1. receive input from multiple retinal cells in the same area through bipolar cells before passed to ganglion cells 3. increase our perception of contrast/edge detection because they can accentuate slight differences btw visual info from each bipolar cell

Answer 52

1. fibers from the nasal half of each retina cross paths. the temporal fibers do not cross 2. All fibers corresponding to right visual field from both eyes go to the left side of brain vise versa

Answer 53

optic tracts: reorganized pathwat after optic chiasm

Answer 54

controls some reflexive response to visual stimuli and reflex eye movt

Answer 55

1. high spatial resolution: detect fine detail when examining an object/its boundaries (form) 2. low temporal resolution: can only work with stationary or slow moving objects

Answer 56

1. high temporal resolution (detect motion) 2. receive info from periphery of vision 3. low spatial resolution

Answer 57

responsible for comparing the inputs from both eyes/hemispheres and detecting differences --\> detect depth

Answer 58

detect specific feature/associate dertain patterns with expected behavior/outcomes (store info)--\> all act in parallel

Answer 59

to channel sound waves into the external auditory canal

Answer 60

directs sound waves into the tympanic membrane

Answer 61

1. ossicle 2. in the middle ear

Answer 62

eustachain tube: equalize pressure between the middle ear and environment

Answer 63

1. receptors that sense equilibrium and hearing 2. has potassium rich fluid (endolymph)

Answer 64

1. transmits vibrations from outside world 2. Cushions the inner ear

Answer 65

1. membrane covered hole in the cochlea 2. permits the perilymph to move within the cochlea

Answer 66

1. utricle and saccule (contain modified hair cells called otoliths) 2. sensitive to linear acceleration--\> used as a balancing apparatus and to determine orientation

Answer 67

1. three semi-circular canals 2. arranged perpendiculary to each other and each ends in a swelling called an ampulla (where hair cells are located)

Answer 68

1. Pinna 2. External auditory canal 3. tympanic membrane 4. Malleus 5. incus 6. stapes 7. oval window 8. perilymph in cochlea 9. basilar membrane 10. hair cells 11. Vestibulocohlear 12. brainstem 13. MGN 14. auditory cortex (temporal lobe)/superior olive (localizes sound)/ inferior colliculus (startle reflex and helps keep eyes fixed)

Answer 69

highest freq pitch cause it to vibrate close to oval window low freq pitch cause vibrations at the apex (tonotopically organized)

Answer 70

1. Nostril 2. Nasal Cavity 3. olfactory chemoreceptors (olfactory nerves) on olfactory epithelium 4. olfactory bulb 5. olfactory tract 6. higher-order brain regions (limbic system)

Answer 71

1. pressure 2. vibration 3. pain 4. tempature

Answer 72

1. Pacinian corpuscles: respond to deep pressure and vibration 2. Meissner corpuscles: respond to light touch 3. Merkel cells: respond to deep pressure and texture 4. Ruffini endings: respond to stretch 5. Free nerve endings: respond to pain and temp

Answer 73

refers to the minimum distance necessary btw two points of stimulation on the skin such that the points will be felt as two distinct stimuli (depends on density of nerves)

Answer 74

the normal temp of skin

Answer 75

gating mechanism can turn pain signals on and off, affecting wether or not we perceive pain

Answer 76

1. the ability to tell where one's body is in space 2. muscle and joints (hand-eye coordination/balance/mobility)

Answer 77

Top-Down is driven by memories and expectations that allow brain to recognize the object and its components. Start with whole object and through memories, create expectations for the features of the object Bottom-Up refers to object recognition by parallel processing and feature detection, then integrated into one whole image

Answer 78

Monocular: only require one eye Binocular cues: require both eyes

Answer 79

1. Relative size: objects appear larger the closer they are 2. Interposition: when two objects overlap, the one in front is closer 3. Linear perspective: the convergence of parallel lines at a distance... the greater the convergence, the further they are 4. Motion parallas: the objects closer to use seem to move faster when we look somewhere else

Answer 80

1. Retinal disparity: the slight differences in image projects on the two retinas 2. Convergence: the brain detects the angle between the two eyes required to bring an object into focus--\> the difference in the degree of convergence is used to perceive distance

Answer 81

the ability to perceive that certain characteristics of an object remain the same, despite changes in environment

Answer 82

1. Law of proximity: elements close to one another tend to be perceived as a unit 2. law of similarity: objects that ar similar appear to be grouped together 3. law of good continuation: elements that appear to follow the sma pathway tend to be group together 4. Subjective contours: the perception of nonexistent edges in figures, based on surrounding visual cues 5. law of closure: when a space is enclosed by a group of lines, it is perceived as a complete or closed line 6. law of prägnaz: perceptual organization will always be as regular, simple, and symmetric as possible all allow the brain to infer missing parts of a picture

Answer 83

Inside: Virteous Outside: sclera and choroid

Answer 84

1. Pinna 2. external auditory canal 3. Tympanic membrane

Answer 85

Eustachian tube

Answer 86

bony labyrinth: perilymph membranous labyrinth: endolymph

Answer 87

recovery of a response to a stimulus after habituation

Answer 88

1. Stimuli similar to each other will ellicit similar reponse 2. Discrimination

Answer 89

1. Escape Learning: experience unpleasant stimulus and display desired behavior to remove stimulus 2. Avoidance Learning: show desired behavior in anticipation of the unpleasant stimulus to avoid unpleasant stimulus

Answer 90

1. Primary: reinforcer respond to naturally 2. Secondary: conditioned reinforcer 3. indicate reward is potentially available Ex: Dolphin and trainer

Answer 91

aversive conditioning

Answer 92

variable-ratio

Answer 93

process odf rewarding increasingly specific behaviors that become closer to a disired response

Answer 94

learning that occurs without the reward but is spontaneously demonstrated once a reward is introduced Ex: rats that were carried through maze and then incentivized with food reward for completeing it preformed just as well as the rats that ran through the maze using operate conditioning

Answer 95

Animals are able to learn behavior that coincide with their natural behaviors

Answer 96

when animals revert to their instinctive behavior after learning a new behavior that is similar

Answer 97

1. involved in motor processes/epathy and cicarious emotions 2. play a role in imitative learning 3. located in frontal and parietal lobes

Answer 98

putting new info into memory

Answer 99

Autonomic: info gained without any effort controlled: active memorization

Answer 100

1. Acoustic 2. Visual 3. Elaborative: link to knoledge that is already in memory 4. Semantic: put into a meaningful context (self-reference effect)

Answer 101

memorize info (particulary lists) 1. method of loci: associating item in a list with a location 2. peg-word: associate numbers with items that rhyme with or resemble the number 3. chuncking: taking elements from a list and grouping them together

Answer 102

preserve info in sensory form/high accuracy but lasts short amount of time 1. iconic memory: fast-decaying memory of visual stimuli 2. echoic memory: fast decay memory of auditory stimuli ex: this is tested in partial report procedures NO

Answer 103

1. clustering 2. maintenance rehearsal

Answer 104

the number of items we can hold in our short-term memory around 7 items

Answer 105

hippocampus --\> consolidation of short term to long term memory

Answer 106

Allows us to keep a few peices of info in our consciounesness simultaneously and to manipulate that info. Must integrate short-term memory, attention and executive function

Answer 107

elaborative rehearsal --\> tied to self-reference and is controlled by hippocampus but are mvoed overtime to cerebral cortex

Answer 108

1. Implicit memory (non-declarative memory): consists of our skills, habits, and conditioned reponses. Includes procedural memory, which is our _unconscious_ memory of skills required for a task, and priming. which is the presentation of a stimulus which will impact the perception of another 2. Explicit memory (declarative memory): require _conscious_ recall. Include episodic memory (recollection of life experiences) and semantic memory (ideas, concepts, and facts that we know but are not tied to life experiences)

Answer 109

are explicit memories of our lives and include all of our episodic memories of our life experiences

Answer 110

positive: exposure to stimulus improves the processing of second stimulus negative: first stimulis interfers with processing of second

Answer 111

longer amount of time between sessions of relearning, leads to greater retention of info

Answer 112

Our brain is organized into a semantic network (organized by similar meaning). When one node of semantic network is activated other linked concepts are unconciously activated (spreading activation). Like positive primary, you are exposed to a recall cue.

Answer 113

memory is aided by being in a physical location when encoding took place

Answer 114

determining the origin of memories, and whether they are factual or fiction (dream)

Answer 115

retrieval cue based on preforming better when in the same mental state when encoded

Answer 116

item's position in list affect ability to recall 1. primacy effect: first items 2. recency effect: last items--\> hard to recall later on, might have been able to retrieve initially bc were stuck in short-term memory

Answer 117

increase dysfunction for Alzheimer patients in late afternoon and evening

Answer 118

1. retrograde amnesia 2. anterograde amnesia 3. thiamine deficiency in brain 4. confabulation:creating vivid and fabricated memories

Answer 119

loss of the ability to recognize objectsw, people, or sounds from primarly physical damage to brain

Answer 120

Interference: retrieval error caused by similar info 1. Active interference: old info is interfering with new 2. Retroactive interference: new info cause forgetting of old info 1.

Answer 121

recall of a person's memory becomes less accurate when inject outside info into memory

Answer 122

1. Intrusion error: false memories that have included a false detail into a particular memory. Instrusion is from another memory that is very similar to original memory because they share a theme. 2. Source-monitoring error: confusion between semantic and episodic memory. Person remembers the details of an event, but confused the context under which those details were gained.

Answer 123

1. Semantic 2. acoustic 3. visual

Answer 124

1. Maintenance is repetition of info to keep in short-terp and elaborative is association of info to other stored knowledge and more effective to store short term as long term

Answer 125

1. semantic network 2. priming

Answer 126

1. weak neural connections are broken in synaptic pruning 2. strengthing memory of connection through increase activity (LTP)

Answer 127

both verbal association and visual images are used to process and store information

Answer 128

1. thinking requires sensation--\>encoding--\>storage of stimuli 2. Stimuli must be analyzed by the brain to be useful in decision making 3. Decisions made in one situation can be extrapolated and adjusted to help solve new problems 4. problem solving is dependent on a person's cognitive level, and context/complexity of problem

Answer 129

1. Adaptation - Assimalation: putting new info into existing schema - Accommodation: existing schema are modified to encompass new info

Answer 130

1. Sensorimotor stage (birth to 20: child learns to manipulate his or her environment to meet physical needs and learns to coordinate sensory input with motor actions. Ends with object permanance 2. Preoperation stage (2-7): symbolic thinking(ability to pretend, have an imagination) and egocentrism (inability to imagine what another person is thinking or feeling). Lack conservation(amount remains the same even if there is a change in shape or appearence) 3. Concrete operational stage (7-11): children can understand conservation and perspectives of others/ engage in logical thought 4. Fromal operational stage (starts at 11): think logically about abstract things/ reason about abstract concepts and problem solve. Hypothetical reasoning: mentally manipulate variables)

Answer 131

1. Exhibit primary circular reactions (repetitions of body movement that orginally occured by chance) 2. secondary circular reactions (manipulation is focused on somthing outside the body). Object permanence ends this stage because they begin to understand that objects continue to exists even when out of view. This marks the beginning of representational though (child begins to creat mental representations of external objects and events)

Answer 132

centration: tendency to focu on only one aspect and ignore other important elements

Answer 133

a child's internalization of his or her culture drives cognitive development

Answer 134

1. FLuid intelligenceL: solving new problems using creative methods (peak in adult hood and decline with age) 2. CrystallizedL: solving problems using acquired knowledge and can be procedural (peak in middle adulthood and remains stable with age)

Answer 135

confused thinking, reduced awareness

Answer 136

1. Deductive: starts with rules and draw conclusions from info given (ex: logic puzzels) 2. Inductive: create a theory via generalization (start with specific instances and draw conclusions)

Answer 137

simplified principles to make decisions ("rules of thumb") 1. Availability heuristic: base likelihood of an event on how easily examples of event come to bind (are there more works in english that start or end with k? 2. Representativeness heuristic: categorizing items on the basis of whether they fit the prototypical, stereotypical, or representative image of the category

Answer 138

using prototypical or stereotypical factors while ignoring actualy numerical information--\> heuristics can lead to this?

Answer 139

evidence obtained from testing shows the solution does not work?

Answer 140

1. tendency to focus on information that fits a belief, while rejecting information that goes against it 2. This contributes to overconfidence" tendecy to wrongly interpret one's decisions, knowledge, and beliefs as infallible 3. Hindsight bias: tendecy for people to overestimate their ability to predict the outcome of events that already happened 4. Belief perseverence: inability to reject a belief despite clear evidence against it

Answer 141

the tendency to use objects only in the way they are normally utilized, which may create barriers to problem solving

Answer 142

pattern to approach a given problem

Answer 143

1. the ability to act on perceptions that may not be suported by evidence 2. Through the use of acquired knowledge sort through info to match a pattern

Answer 144

1. linguistic 2. logical-methematical 3. musicle 4. visual-spatial 5. bodily-kinesthetic 6. interpersonal: ability to detect and navigate the moods and motivations of other 7. intrapersonal: mindful of one's own emotions, strengths, and weaknesses 8. naturalists

Answer 145

1. Analytical intelligence: ability to evaluate and reason 2. creative intelligence: ability to solve problems using novel methods 3. practical intelligence: dealing with everyday problems at home/work

Answer 146

1. ability to express and perceive emotions in ourself and others 2. ability to comprehend and anaylze our emotions 3. ability to regulate our emotions 4. awareness of hor emotions shape our thoughts and decisions

Answer 147

the prefrontal cortex communicates with the reticular formation (a neural structure located in the brainstem, to keep cortex awake and alert

Answer 148

1. beta are high freq and alpha are slower 2. beta occur when a person is alert or attending a task that requires concetration. Alpha occur when a person is awake but relaxing with eyes closed 3. Beta are more randomly firing and alpha are more synchronized

Answer 149

1. Awake: beta and alpha waves 2. Stage 1: NREM1: theta waves (irregular wave forms with slow freq and high voltages)--\> light sleeping and dozing 3. Stage 2: NREM2: theta waves with sleep spindles (bursts of high freq waves) and K complexes (singular high-amplitude waves) 4. Stage 3:NREM3: known as slow-wave sleep--\> delta waves (low freq but high voltage waves) --\> dreams, declarative memory consolidation, sleep-wake disorders occur here 5. Stage 4: delta, slow-wave sleep, dreams, declarative memory consolidation, sleep-wake disorders occur here 6. REM (Paradoxical sleep): mostly beta wave, ones heart rate, breathing patterns, EEG mimic wakefullness --\> dreaming most likely to occur, procedural memory consolidation, body is paralyzed

Answer 150

cortisol--\> steroid hormone released from adrenal cortex and increases in the morning increasing light increases the release of CRF from hypothalmus and causes the release of ACTH from anterior pituitary gland which stimulated cortisol release

Answer 151

dreams are caused by widespread, random activation of neural circuitry. This activation can mimic incoming sensory info and consist of sotred memories, desires, needs, experiences. Cortext stitches this unrelated info together to form a dream

Answer 152

dreams are a way to solve problems while sleeping. Dreams do not need to follow rules so can interpret obstacles differently

Answer 153

dreams are the sleeping counterpart of stream of consciousness

Answer 154

unify biological and psychological perspectives on dreaming by correlating the subjective, cognitive experience of dreaming with measurable physiological changes. unify mind and brain

Answer 155

dyssomnias: disorders that make it difficult to sleep parasomnias: abnormal movements or behaviors during sleep

Answer 156

cataplexy: loss of muscle control and sudden intrusion of REM sleep during waking hours

Answer 157

hallucinations when going to sleep or awakening

Answer 158

somnambulism

Answer 159

exhibit REM rebound, earlier onset and greater duration of REM sleep

Answer 160

1. slow-wave sleep 2. stage 1 with theta and slow alpha waves

Answer 161

1. increase activity of GABAR, hyperpolarization 2. disinhibition 3. increase dopamine levels 4. Alcohol myopia: inability to recognize consequences of actions

Answer 162

1. Barbiturates: anxiety-reducing and sleep medications 2. Benzodiazepines: less prone to overdose than barbiturates both increase GABA (increase relaxation)--\> additive

Answer 163

1. increase release of dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin decrease reuptake 2. increase in arousal and reduction in appetite/need for sleep 4. increase in HR and BP

Answer 164

Can cause respiratory depression because bind to opiod receptors in PNS and CNS and act as endorphin agonists, casuing a decreased reaction to pain and sense of euphoria

Answer 165

1.Stimulant, depressant, hallucinogen (increase dopamine activity, decrease GABA activity)

Answer 166

mesolimbic reqward pathway: includes NAc, ventral tegmental areas (VTA), connect between them called the medial forebrain bundle (MFB)--\> reward pathway to encourage positive reinforcment

Answer 167

stimuli is going to both ears and they are ask to repeat what they heard in attended ear through shadowing this testins for selective attention

Answer 168

Selective attention: filter permits us to focus on one set of stimuli while scanning other stimuli in the background (cocktail party effect) Divided attention: ability to rpeform multiple tasks at the same time. New complec tasks require **controlled** (effortful) processing--\> maintain undivided attention on task and autonomic processing --\> used for less critical stimuli in divided attention and is used for familiar and repetitive actions

Answer 169

sound of language

Answer 170

language has subtle difference in speech that represent a change in meaning

Answer 171

ability to recognize a word as being the same even if the pronunciations varies

Answer 172

the structure of words. words are composed of morphemes

Answer 173

association of meaning with word

Answer 174

how words are put together to form sentences

Answer 175

dependence of language on context and preexisting knowledge (prosdy: the inflection in your voice)/ the way you speak to different audiences

Answer 176

the child quickly learns dozens of words and uses each word with varying inflections and gestures starts around 18 months

Answer 177

- a child inappropriately apply a term to an object thats bears similarities to the term - paried with naming explosion

Answer 178

- a child applies a grammatical rule of grammar where it does not apply - begins around 2-3 years

Answer 179

- innate capacity for language - transformation grammar (changes in word order that retain the same meaning) happens effortlessly - innate ability is called language acquisition device (LAD) (a theoretical pathway in the brain that allows infants to process and absorb language rules) - critical period of language acquisition is btw 2yr-pubertyn and if no exposure occurs during this time it is hard to train later Chomsky

Answer 180

- time when environmental input has max effect on language development - learning language beyond this time is not impossible

Answer 181

1. language acquisition through reinforcement/operant conditioning 2. parents and caregivers repeat and reinforce sounds that sound most like the language spoken by the parents 3. but theory cannot fully explain explosion in vocab that occurs in early childhood Skinner

Answer 182

1. language development focuses on the interplay btw biological and social processes 2. language acquisition is driven by child's desire to communicate and behave in social manner

Answer 183

our perception of reality is determined by the content of language (language affects the way we think -expansive framework with more specific voab allows for more sophisticated processing

Answer 184

Broca's area (inferior frontal gyrus of frontal lobe): controls motor function of speech with connections to motor cortex Wernicke's area (superior temporay gyrus of the temporal): responsible for language comprehension left hemisphere

Answer 185

arcuate fasciculus: bundle of axons that allows appropriate association between language comprehension and speech production

Answer 186

is a deficit of language production or comprehension 1. Broca's (expressive) aphasia: have speech comprehension but reduced or absent ability to produce spoken language. generating each word requires effort/difficulty producing language 2. Wernicke's (receptive) aphasia; comprehension is lost but motor production and fluency of speech is retained (nonsesical sounds) 3. conduction aphasia: if the arcuate fasciculus is affected (patient is unable to repeat something that has been said bc the connection btw these regions is lost). intact speach production and comprehension

Answer 187

1. 9-12 months: babbling 2. 12-18 months; increase of one word per month 3. 18-20 months: "explosion of language" and combining words (two word sentences) 4. 2-3 years: longer sentences of three or more words 5. 5 years: language rules largely mastered

Answer 188

1. entrinsic: working hard for a desired reward or to avioid punishment 2. intrinsic: comes from within one's self that is driven by interest or enjoyment

Answer 189

certain behaviors are based on evolutionary programmed instincts

Answer 190

1. people perform actions in order to maintain an optimal level of arousal --\> seeking to inccrease arousal when it falls 2. The law postualtes a U shaped function between the level of arousal and performance (performance is worse at extremely high and low levels of arousal)

Answer 191

1. Primary drives: need for food, water, warmth to ensure homeostasis 2. Secondary drives: not directly realted to biological functions. The drive to succeed

Answer 192

Explains that motivation is based on the goal of eliminating uncomfortable states Drives: internal states of tension or discomfort that can be relieved with an action

Answer 193

(Bases of pyriamid)Physiological needs --\> safety--\> love/belonging --\> esteem--\> self actualization (morality/problem solving/ realize one's fullest potential) -need to satisfy lowest needs to meet higher ones

Answer 194

emphasizes the role of three universal needs: autonomy; the needs to be in control of one's actions and ideas; competence; the need to complete and excel at difficult tasks; and relatedness, the need to feel accepted and wanted in relatioships

Answer 195

the amount of motivation needed to reach a goal is the result of both the individual's expectations of success in reaching the goal and the degree to which he or she values succeeding at the goal

Answer 196

-when a drug is taken repeatedly, the body will attempt to counteract the effects of the drug by changing its physiology (counteract a depressant like alcohol through arousal) -can lead to withdraw and tolerance--\> decrease in perceived effect of drug overtime

Answer 197

motivation as the desire to purseu rewards and avoid punishments

Answer 198

1, Physiological response: arousal leads to stimulation of autonomic nervous system 2. Behavioral response:facial expressions/body language 3. Cognitive response: subjective interpretation of feeling, subjective interpretation, memories of past experiences, perception of causes of emotions

Answer 199

1. Happiness 2. Sadness 3. Contempt 4. Surprise 5. Fear 6. Disgust 7. Anger

Answer 200

refers to the unconscious implicit meory and is the storage of feelings of emotion associated with an event when experiencing a similar event later one will retrieve those emotions (related to PTSD)

Answer 201

1. Dorsal prefrontal cortex: associated wiith attention and cognition 2. ventral prefrontal cortex: connects with regions of the brain responsible for experiencing emotion

Answer 202

It is the subjective evaluation of a situation that induces stress 1. Primary appraisal: intial evaluation of the environment and the assoicated threat (identification of stress as irrelevant, benign-positive, or stressful) If primary appraisal reveals a threat... 2. Secondary appraisal: directed as evaluating whether the organism can cope with the stress (evaluation of harm/damage, threat, and challenging; potentail to overcome)

Answer 203

stress level can be measured in "life change units"

Answer 204

1. Alarm: initial reaction to a stressor and the activation of the sympathetic nervous system (hypothalamus stimulates pitutitary to release ACTH--\> stimulate adrenal glands to secrete cortisol/adrenal medulla leadsing to release of epinephrine and norepinephrine) 2. resistance: continuous release of hormones allows the sympathetic nervous systems to remain engaged to fight the stressor 3. exhasution: body can not loner maintain an elevated responses with sympathetic nervous activity --\> become more susceptible to illnesses and medical conditions

Answer 205

1. Left--\> positive feelings 2. right--\> negative feelings

Answer 206

1. choose btw two desriable options 2. choose between two negative outcomes 3. deal with only one choice, goal, or event, but the outcome could have both positive and negative outcomes

Answer 207

We let situations dictate which idenity holds the most importance for us at any given moment

Answer 208

Each of us have three sevles and that perceived difference between these selves leads to negative feelings. The closer these three selves are, the higher self-esttem 1. Idea self: person we want to be 2. Actual self 3. Ought Self: the representation of the way others think we should be

Answer 209

Is our belief in our ability to scceed 1. Overconfidence: is when it is high 2. Learned helpness: is when it is low and perceived lack of control, from repeated events

Answer 210

Self concept describes the sum of all the phrases that come to mind when we think of who we are (self-schemata), who we used to be, who we may become. Identity is a set of heaviors or labels we take on when in a specific group.

Answer 211

1. Oral(0 to 1): libidinal energy centered on the mouth; fixation can lead to excessive dependency 2. Anal (1 to 3): toilet training occurs durring this time; fixation can lead to excessive organization or messiness 3. Phallic: oedipal (for male) or Electra (for female ---\> have penis envy and will exhibit less female stereotypical behavior conflicts is resolves during this stage 4. Genital: begings at purberty; if previous stages have been successfully resolved, the person will enter into normal heterosexual relationship

Answer 212

Fixation occurs when a child overindulged or overly frustrated during a stage of development and will lead to anxiety where the child will perform a personality patterns based on a particular state which persists into adulthood

Answer 213

Need to gain a positive outcome to develope and can develope other stages without developing previous stages 1. Trust vs. Mistrust(0 to 1): Trust work? Cargivers? parents 2. Autonomy vs. shame and doubt (1 to 3): Able to exert control on environment? Able to excersise choice? Ok to be me? 3. Initative vs, guilt (3 to 6): Is it ok for me to do, move, and act? 4. Industry vs inferiority (6 to 12): Can i make it in the world of people and things? 5. Identity vs. role confusion (12-20): Who am I? What can I be? 6. Intiamcy vs. isolation (20 to 40): Can I love? 7. Generatibity vs. Stagnation (40 to 65): Can I make my life count? 8. Integrity vs. depair (65 to death): Is it ok to have been me?

Answer 214

1. Preconventional morality (preadolescence): 1)Obedience (avoiding punishment) and 2) Self-interest (gain rewards and instrimental relativist stage; mutual sharing) 2. Conventional morality (adolescence to adulthood): 3) conformity (seek approval from others) 4) law and order (social order) 3. Postconventional morality (adulthood): level of reasoning not everyone is capable of 5) social contract (moral rules as conventions to ensure greater good) 6)universal human ethics (decisions should be made based on abstract principles)

Answer 215

Zone of proximal development: referring to skills and abilities that have not yet fully developed but are in the process of developing. Require a more knowledgable other to accomplish

Answer 216

The ability to sense how another mind works, we become aware of judgments

Answer 217

Our understanding of how others see us, which relies on perceieving a relfection of ourselves based on the words and actions of others

Answer 218

1. id: basic, primal, inborn urges to survive and reproduce, functions according to the pleasure principle. Primary process is id's response to furstration based on pleasure principle. Wish fufillment is through mental imagery (daydreaming) 2. Ego: operated according to reality principle that taks into accound reality as it guides and inhibits activity of id. Secondary process is to postpone the pleasure principle until satifisfaction can be obtained. Ego is the organizer of the mind and it receives its power from id and can never be independent from it 3. Superego: personality's perfectionist, judging our actions and responding with pride at our accomplishment and guild at our failures. Is divided into 1) conscience (collection of improper actions for which a child is punished) 2) ego-ideal (proper actions for which s a child is rewarded) Id is in unconscious relm and ego and superego are unconsicous and preconscious relm

Answer 219

1. Repression: ego's way fo forcing undesired thoughts and urges to the unconscious. disguis threatening impulses from unconscious. 2. supression which is more deliberate conscious form of forgetting 3. Regression: reversion to an earlier developmental state/ return to earlier behaviors 4. Reaction formation: individual supresses urges by unconsciously converting them into opposites 5. Projection: individuals attribute their undesired feelings to others. "I hate my parents" to "my parents hate me" 6. Rationalization: justification of behaviors in a manners that is acceptable to self and society. 7. Displacement: the transference of an undesired urge from one person or object to another. 8. Sublimation: transformation of unacceptable urges into socially acceptable behaviors (anger convert to drive for success)

Answer 220

1. personal unconscious 2. collective unconscious: powerful system that is shared among all humans and considers to be a residue of the experiences of earlier ancestors. Images have an emotion elemtns (archetypes)

Answer 221

1. Persona: is linked to a mask we wear in public/ it is the part of our personality we present to the world/ adaptive to social interactions 2. Anima: feminine qualities in men 3. Animus: masculine qualities in females 4. Shadow: responsible for the appearance of unpleasant and sociallt reprehensible thoughts, feelings, and actions experiences in the unconscious mind

Answer 222

1. Extraversion vs introversion 2. Sensing (obtaining objective info about the world) vs intuiting (working with info abstractly) 3. Thinking vs feeling Myers-Bruggs Tyoe Inventory

Answer 223

1. Inferiority complex 2. creative self: force by which each individual shapes his uniqueness and establishes his personality 3. Style of life: the manifestation of the creative self/a person's unique way of achieving superiority 4. fictional finalism: an individual is motivated more by his expectations of the future than by past experiences Adler assumes people are motivated by striving for superiority

Answer 224

the representation of parents or other caregivers based on subjective experiences during early infancy

Answer 225

1. values of individuals and take a more person-centered approach, describing those ways inwhich healthy people strive towards self-realization.

Answer 226

1. Maslow's hiercharchy of needs: Self-actualized people are more likely to have peack experiences: profound and deeply moving experiences in a person's life that have important and lasting effects on the individual 2. Roger's therapeutic approach of unconditional positive regard

Answer 227

Individuals are scientists who devise and test predictions about the behavior of significant people. The individual constructs a scheme of anticipation of what others will do, based on his or her knowledge, perception, and relationship with other people.

Answer 228

Roger believed people have the freedom to control their own behavior. Person centered approach helped client reflect on problems, make choices, generate solutions

Answer 229

A therapeutic technique by which the therapists accepts the client completely and expressed empathy in order to promote a positive therapeutic environment

Answer 230

1. Type theorists attempts to create taxonomy of personality types/personalities are set of distinct qualities and dispositions into which people can be grouped 2. Trait theorists perfer to descrive individual oersonality as the sumer of a person's characteristic behaviors. personalities are assembled from having different degrees of certain qualities and dispositions

Answer 231

1. Personality Types based on humors or body fluids 2. somatotypes: personaility types based on body types 3. Type A vs. Type B 4. Myers-Briggs Type Inventory

Answer 232

1. PEN model: Psychoticism (a measure of nonconformity or social deviance), extraversion (measure of tolerance to social interactions and stimulation), Neuroticism (measure of emotional arousal in stressful situations) 2. Five Factor Theory: openness, consientiosness, Agreeableness, extraversion, neuroticism 3. Gordan Allport's three traits: Cardinal traits (traints around which a person organizes her or his life), Central Traits (major characteristics of personaility that are easy to infer), Secondary Traits (other personal characterisitcs that are more limited in occurrence. Funcational Autonomy is important and explains that behaviors continues despite the absence of orginally drive of the behavior 4. McClelland identified the personalilty trait of the need for achievement (N-Ach)

Answer 233

1. Focuses on how our environment influences our behaviors and how we interact with the environment, so intern affect out identity 2. Reciprocal determinism: our thoughts, feelings, behaviors, and environment all interact with each other to determine our actions in a given situtations. People mold their environments according to their personalities, and those environments in turn shape our thoughts, feelings, and behaviors

Answer 234

Personality is the result of unconscious urges and desires

Answer 235

1. scoring high in both masculitnity and feminity

Answer 236

1. Biomedical consered the physical, pathological mechanisms that underlie mental illness 2. Biopsychosocial considered the contributions of biological factors along with psychology (thoughts, emotions, beahviors) and social instituions(environment, social class, discrimination, or stigmatization)

Answer 237

1. Delusion of reference: belief that common elements in the environment are directed toward the individual (person on TV is talking to you directly) 2. Delusion of persecution: belief that the person is being deliberately interfer with, discriminated against, plotted against or threatened. 3. Delusions of grandeur: the belief that the person is remarkable in some signifcant way, such as being an inventor, historical figure, or religious icon 4. Thought broadcasting(belief that one's thoughts are broadcast directly from one's heads to the external world), Thought withdrawal (the belief that thoughts are being removed from one's head), thought insertion (belief that thoughts are being placed in one's head

Answer 238

1. Catatonia: certain motor beahvior characteristic of some people with schizophrenia (ex: maintain a rigid poster and refuse to move/spontaneous movements) 2. Echolalia: repeating another's words) 3. echopraxia: imitating another's actions

Answer 239

1. Disturbance of affect: disruption in the experience and display of emotions 2. Blunting: severe reduction in the intensity of affect expression 3. emotional flattening: no signs of emotional expression 4. inappropriate affect: ex: laugh hysterically while discribing death 5. avolition: decreased engagement in purposeful, goal=direct actions

Answer 240

1. Prodromal phase: evidence of deterioration, social withdrawl, role functioning impairment, peculiar behavior, inappropriate affect, and unsual experience 2. Actin Phase: psychotic symptoms are displayed 3. residual phase (recovery phaser): occurs after an active episode and is mental clarity resulting in concern or depression as they become aware of previous behavior

Answer 241

Positive psychotic symptoms are present for at least a day, but less than a month

Answer 242

Same diagnostic criteria as schizophrenia except in duration (require duration for diagnosis is only for a month)

Answer 243

Sadness + SIG E. CAPS Sleep Interest Guilt Energy Concentration Appetite Psychomotor symptoms (slowed thoughts and physical movements) Suicidal thoughts

Answer 244

Major despressive episode where there is a 2 week period a person experiences 5 of the 9 depressive symptoms, must include depressed mood or anhedonia (inability to feel)

Answer 245

diagnosed between 6-10 years, persistent and recurrent emotional irritability in multiple environments

Answer 246

DIG FAST Distractibility Irresponsibility Grandiosity: exagerated increase in self-esteem Flight of Thought: rapid thoughts Activity or agitation Sleep: decrease sleep Talkative one week duration of at least 3 of the above symptoms

Answer 247

Bipolar II disorder: both major depressive episode with hypomanic episode (2 or more of manic symptoms for at least 4 days) Bipolar I disorder: manic episodes with or with out major depressive Major depressive disroder: at least one major depressive episode with no manic episodes

Answer 248

hypomanic episodes and dysthymia (persistent depressive disorder: depressive symptoms for at least 2 years) that is not sever enough to be a major depressive episode experience numeric manic and depressive symptoms over 2 years

Answer 249

Too much serotonine or nonepinethrine in synapse can lead to mania but too little leads to depression

Answer 250

consistent inability to speak in situations where speaking is expected

Answer 251

fear of being in paces or situations where it might be difficult to escape associated with panic attacks and fear of being negatibely evaluated by others

Answer 252

trichotillomania: compelled to pull out hair excoriation disorder: compelled to pick their skin

Answer 253

1. Intrusion symptoms: recurrent reliving of the even, flashbacks, nightmares, and prolonged distress 2. Arousal symptoms: increased starle response, irritability, anxiety, self-destructive or reckless behavior, sleep distrubances 3. Avoidance symptoms: deliberate attemtps to avoid the memories, people, places, activities, and objects associated with the trauma 4. Negative cognitive symptoms: inability to recall key features of the event, negative mood or emotions, feeling distanced from others, and a persistent negative view of the world

Answer 254

inability to recall past experiences May also experience dissociative fugue (sudden unpected move or puposeless wandering away from one's home or location), assumption of new identity

Answer 255

individuals feel detached from own mind and bodies (depersonalization) or surroundings (derealization)

Answer 256

1. Illness anxiety disorder: consumed with thoughts about having or developing a serious medical condition 2. Conversion disorder: symptoms affecting volunteray motor or sensory functions that are incompatible with patient's neurophysiological condition (ex: paralysis or blindness withouth evidence of neuological damage)

Answer 257

1. individual percieves her beahvior as correct, normal, or in harmony with goals 2. Ego-dystonic: individual sees the illness as somthing thrust upon her that is intrusive and bothersome

Answer 258

Is marked by behavior that is labeled as odd or eccentric by others 1. Paranoid PD: pervasive distrust/ suspicion 2. Schizotypal PD: pattern of odd or eccentric thinking (delusion/magical thinking/superstitiousness), eccentricity 3. Scizoid PD: pervasive pattern of detachment from social relatioships and restricted rnge of emotional expression (little desire for social interactions)

Answer 259

Marked by heabior that is dramtic, emotional, or erratic 1. Antisocial PD(more common in males): disregard for and violation of rights of others (illegal acts, deceitfulness, aggressiveness, lack of remorse) 2. Borderline PD(more common in females): instability in interpersonal behavior, mood, and self-image. Uncertainty about self-image, sexual identity, long term goals and values. Use splitting as a defense mech (things are all good or all bad) 3. Histrionic PD: constant attention-seeking behavior 4. Narcissitic PD: preccupation with fantasies of success, need constant admiration and attention, fragile self-esteem

Answer 260

Makred by behavior that is labeled as anxious or fearful of others 1. Avidan PD: extreme shyness and fear of rejection. Socially isolated despite a desire for social affection and acceptance. Stay in same jobs, relatioships despite wanting change 2. Dependent PD: continuous need for reassurance. Remained dependent on one specific person to take action and make decisions 3. Obsessive-compulsive PD: perfectionaist and inflexible, like rules and order, dislike change, excessibe stubbornnes

Answer 261

1. High glucose metabolism in amygdala 2. Hippocampal atrophy after a long duration of illness 3. Abnormally high levels of glucocorticoids (cortisol) 4. Decreased norepinephrine, serotonine, and dopamine

Answer 262

1. Increased nonrepinephrine and serotonin 2. higher risk if parent has disorder 3. higher risks for persons with multiple sclerosis

Answer 263

1. Bradykinesia: slowness in movement 2. Resting tremor 3. pill-rolling tremor: flexing and extending fingures while moving thumb back and forth 4. masklike facies: static and expressionless facial features, staring eyes, open mouth 5. cogwheel rigidity: muscle tension that intermittently halts movement as an examiner attempts to manipuate limb 6. Shuffling gait with stooped posture

Answer 264

1. being in the presences of other will raise arousal 2. which enhances the ability to rpeform tasks one is already good at (simple tasks) 3. hinders the performation of less familiar tasks (complex tasks)

Answer 265

1. the loss of one's self awareness in a group setting and adoption of a more group oriented identity 2. mob mentality: individuals of the group lose their own sense of morals and ethics and adopt the mob mentaility

Answer 266

Antinormative behavior: behavior that is not socially acceptable in most social circumstances

Answer 267

the presence of two opposing thoughts or opinions

Answer 268

1. Primary: occurs during childhood when we learn acceptable actions and attitudes in our society 2. Secondary: learning appropriate behavior within smaller sections of larger society (outside home)

Answer 269

persons prepare for future changes in occupations, living situations, or relationships

Answer 270

labels given to a person affect how other respond to that person but also the label will affect that person's self image

Answer 271

initimate exposure to otherws who enage in deviant behavior lays the groundwork for one to engage in deviant behavior themselves

Answer 272

deviance as a natural reactions to the disconnect between social goals and social structure

Answer 273

the desire to fit into a group because of fear of rejection

Answer 274

outward acceptance of other's ideas without personally taking on these ideas

Answer 275

change in behavior based on a direct request from people who do not wield authority over the individual (different from obedience)

Answer 276

1. foot-in-the-door: technique begins with a small request, and after gaining compliance, a larger request is made 2. door-in-the-face technique: a large request is made at first, and if refused, a second smaller request is made /make person feel guilty 3. lowball technique: requestor will get an initial commitment from an individual, and then raise the cost of the comitment. gaining compliance without revealing the full cost (money, time, effort) 4. that's-not-all technique: individual makes an offer, but before making a decision, is told the deal is even better than she expected. increasing the reward for a request before an individual has the chance to make a decision

Answer 277

attitudes serve four functions 1. knowledge function: knowing the attitudes of others helps to predict their behavior 2. ego-expressive: allowing use to communicate and solidify our self-identity 3. adaptive: expressed socially acceptable attitude will lead to acceptance 4. ego-defensive: protect our self-esteem or justify actions that we know are wrong

Answer 278

attitudes are developed through different forms of learning (through direct contact, direct interaction, direct instruction, conditioning) EX: parents do not allow you to sue curse words, do not like people that use curse words

Answer 279

attitudes are formed and change through different routEs of information processing based on degree of elaboration 1. Central route processing: deeping thinking, draw conclusions and make decisions based on deep analysis--\> lead to central route persuasion: attempt to influence attitudes that using inforation that appeals to central route processing 2. Peripheral route processing: do not elaborate and focus on superficial details--\> lead to peripheral route to persuasion when attempt to influence attitudes by appealing to peripheral route processing

Answer 280

people learn how to behave and shape attitudes by observing the behaviors of others, personal factors, environment (The three interacive factors of Bandura's triadic recprocal causation). Behavior is not learned through trial and error but rather direct obersvation and replication of actions of others

Answer 281

tyoe of conformity in which individuals change their outward opinions to match the group

Answer 282

1. Ascribed Status: one given involuntarily (usually at birth) due to race, ethnicity, gender, family background 2. Achieved status: status that is gined as a result of one's efforts or choices 3. Master Status: a status a person is most identified/ most important to them

Answer 283

Role conflict: difficulty satisfying the requirement or expectations of multiple roles role strain: difficulty in satifying mutlple requirements of the same role role exit: dropping of one idenity for another

Answer 284

use to describe an observable pattern of socialr elatiohsips amoung groups immediate network: dense group of people with strong ties distant: are looser with weaker ties

Answer 285

are complex secondary groups that are set up to achieve specific goals and have a structure and culture

Answer 286

1. community: group unified by feelings of togetherness due to chared beliefs, ancestry, geography 2. society: is a group of unified mutal self-intersts in achieving a goal

Answer 287

states that democratic or bureaucratic systems naturally shift to being ruled by an elite group

Answer 288

there is no biological basis for emotion. EMotions are based on experiences and situational context alone

Answer 289

govern which emotions can be expressed and to what degree

Answer 290

1. is shared set of beliefs, attitudes, norms, values, and behaviors among members of the same cutlure that are organized around a central theme

Answer 291

refers to our attempts to influence how other perceive us 1. Authenic self: whp the person actually is 2. ideal self: who would we like to be 3. tactile selfL who we market outselves to be

Answer 292

1. self disclosure 2. managing appearence 3. ingratiation: using flattery or conforming to expectation to win someone over 4. aligning actions" making questional behavior acceptable through excused 5. altering-casting: imposing idenity onto one another

Answer 293

using theatrical performace to describe how individuals create images of themselves in various situtations 1. front stage self: persona they present to an audience and strives to preserve his desired image 2. back-stage self: persona adopted when not in a social situations and there is no concern about upholding the performance of a desired public image

Answer 294

Me: part of a self that is developed through interaction with society. Consider the generalize other, which is based on a peron's establioshed perceptions of expectations of society. I is the indivduals impulses. Persons impulses are shped by interpreations of society's expecations

Answer 295

it is composed of authentic, idea, and tactial(self we present to others when we adher to their expectations) selves

Answer 296

Intra: communication between members of the same species inter: communication between members of different species

Answer 297

1. Secure Attachment: child has a consistent caregiver and is able to go out and explore, knowing that they have a secure base to return to 2. Avoidant Attachment: caregiver has little to no response to a distressed child. Children will show no preference between a stranger and a caregiver 3. Ambivalent Attachment: caregiver has an inconsistent response to a child's distress, sometimes responding appropriately, sometimes neglectfully. Child is unable to form a secure base (anxious-ambivalent attachment) 4. Disorganized Attachment: child shows no clear pattern of behavior in response to caregiver;s absences or presences (mix of avoidance or resistence, confusion)

Answer 298

We are more likely to respond to to other aggressively when we are feeling negative emotions

Answer 299

1. physical attractiveness 2. similarity 3. selc-disclosure 4. reciprocity 5. proximity

Answer 300

1. Emotional support: listening, affirming, empathizing with someone's feelings 2. Esteem Support: affirming the qualities and skills of a person 3. Material Suppor: financial or material contributions to another person 4. Informational Support: provide information that will help someone. 5. Network Support: social suppor that gives a person a sense of belonging

Answer 301

1. Phenotypic benefits: observable traites that make a mate more attactive to the opposite sex 2. Sensory bias: development of a trait to match a preexisting preferenece that exists in the population 3. Fisherian or runaway selection: positive feedback mechanism where a particular trait that has no effect or a negative effect on survival becmes more exgerated over time. trait is deemed desirable and more likely to pass on 4. indicator traits: traits that signify fgood health and well being 5. Genetic compatibility: complementary genes between mates. Explaintation for reduced freq of recessive genetic disorders in a pop

Answer 302

one explanation for the relatioship between empathy and helping behavior

Answer 303

Game theory: attempts to explain decision making behavior 1. Altruism: donor provides a benefit to the recipient at cost to themselves 2. cooperation: both the donor and recipient benefit by cooperating 3. spite: both the donor and recipient are negatively impacted 4. selfishness: donor benefits while the recipient is negatively impacted

Answer 304

measure of an organism's success in a population. based on number of offspring, success in supporting offspring, and ability of offspring to support others

Answer 305

set of assumptions people make about how different types of people, their traits, and their behavior relate

Answer 306

people dent to organize the perception of others based on traits and personality charcteristics of the target that are most relevants to the perceiver

Answer 307

judgment about a specific aspect of an individual can be affected one's overall impression of the individual

Answer 308

1. Self-enhancement: on the need to maintain self-worth 2. self-verification: suggests people will seek the companionshp of others who see them as they seem themselves

Answer 309

1. Consistency cues: behavior over time/ more regular the behavior, the more we aasociate the beahviors with the motives of person 2. Consensus cuesL extent to which a person's behaviors differs from the group. If person deviates from socially excepted behavior, we are likely to form dispositional attributions 3. Distinctiveness Cues: extent to which a person engages in similar behavior across a series of scenarios. If person's behavior varies--\> situational attributions

Answer 310

is used to describe attributions made by observing the intentional behaviors performed by another

Answer 311

1. Paternalistic: a group is looked down upon as inferios, dismissed, ignored 2. Contemptuous: group is viewed with resentment, annoyance, anger 3. Envious: those which the group is viewed with jealousy, bitterness, distrust 4. admiration: which the group is viewed with pride or positive feelings

Answer 312

power, prestige, class

Answer 313

1. attempts to understand human actions and interaction by studying symbols we sue to communiate (three assumptions: humans act towards symbols based on meanings of symbol, the meanings of symbols carry from social interaction, humans interpret the meaning of symbols and interpretations influence actions). overlooks macrolevel structures 2. Herbert

Answer 314

attempt to understand society through the study of social constructs. Individuals and groups make decisions to agree upon a given social reality. Overlooks macrolevel strucutre

Answer 315

1. each social group's role is a function: the contribution made by that group to the system. Different groups in society work together in an unconscious, automatic way towards equilibrium. Not good for explaining social change 2. Durkheim

Answer 316

1. critques the institutional power structures that disadvantage women in society 2. society as inherently patriarchal (even study of sociology has been dominated by men) 3. glass ceiling vs glass escalator (invisible social forces push men to top expecially in female dominated jobs)

Answer 317

teachers tend to get what they expect from students (place high demands on students, students will suceed--\> ex of self-fufilling prophacy)

Answer 318

groups maintance of strict adherence to religious code

Answer 319

dependecy ration: ratio of the number of memebers of a pop that are not in workforce to the the number that is youth ratio: number of people under 15 yrs old divided by the number of people ages 15-65 age dependecy ratio: number of people over 65 divided by number of people ages 15-65

Answer 320

Explains link btw economic development and demographic shift 1. preindutrial society; birth and death rates high (stable pop) 2. economic progress leads to improvements to healthcare, nutrition, sanitation, wages, causing decrease in death rates 3. improvements in contraception, women's rights, shift to industrial economy. birth and death rates level off 4. industrialized society, birth and death rates low, constant pop

Answer 321

How exponential growth of a pop can outspace growth of food supply and lead to social degradation and disorder

Answer 322

prejudice or discrimination based on age

Answer 323

Birth and mortality rate are measure per 1000 people per year and fertility rate is measured number of children per woman during lifetime

Answer 324

scores 6 as exclusively homosexual and 3 as bisexual

Answer 325

1. refers to the organization of the working class around shared goals and recognition of a need for collective political action 2. a misperception of one's action position within society

Answer 326

Meritocracy is a social structure in which intellectual talent and achievement are means for a person to advance up the social ladder Plutotocracy: rule by upper class

Answer 327

Suburbanization: greater concetration of poor individuals in urban centers/ migration pattern of the middle class to sburban communities. lower classes stay in urban centerws Can lead to urban decay, where a previously functional protion of a city deteriorates and becomes decrepit overtime

Answer 328

an exacerbation of health outcomes caused by social justice and social inequalities

Answer 329

Medicare: patients in older age group medicaid: low socioeconomic status

Answer 330

there are 2 pathways to attitude change: 1. central path: more interested/spend more time examining 2. peropheral path: not interested/get distracted easily

Answer 331

focused on identifying patterns of communications by analyzing the content of text/speech (communication based data)

Answer 332

1. mediating: explains a counter intuitive relationship btw dep variable and ID 2. moderating variable: modulates intensity of certain relationship

Answer 333

trained by positive punishment

Answer 334

1. inferior and superior colliculi 2. superior is involved in visual processing 3. inferior is involved auditory

Answer 335

patellar: hit knee and kick palmar: baby clench palm when pressure applied

Answer 336

mental images that stimulate the person to behave to achieve the fantacy

Answer 337

the value that a person sets on reinforcements and rewards. these values are ussualy based on an individual's values, needs, goals, or intrinsic or extrinsic forms of motivation

Answer 338

motivation that is centered around need for homeostasis

Answer 339

trust vs. mistrust (0-1), autonomy vs. shame/doubt (1-3), initiative vs. guilt (3-6), industry vs. inferiority (6-12), identity vs. role confusion (12-20), intimacy vs. isolation (20-39), generativity vs. stagnation (40-65), integrity vs. despair

Answer 340

They are due to the inability to handle anxiety or stress so these behaviors provide immediate relief

Answer 341

acude episode of delirium (confused/reduced awareness) caused from withdrawal of alcohol

Answer 342

paralysis caused by lage stage syphilis

Answer 343

neurological disorder from lack of B1. Onset is linked to chronic alcohol abuse or severe malnutrition reduction in mitochondrial activity

Answer 344

1. empathy 2. theory of mind: to take another's perspective 3. assessment of individuals repeated behavior

Answer 345

people have innate language acquisition device

Answer 346

pons, medulla oblogata, midbrain (provides a connect to brain and spinal cord

Answer 347

voluntary movt, emotion, learning, habitual behavior

Answer 348

Beta: low amp, high frew alpha: high amp, high freq (are more consistent)

Answer 349

increases with age

Answer 350

REM starts to predominate

Answer 351

1. theta wave (low amp, irregular freq), moderate eye movt, skeletal muscle activity 2. theta waves/ K complexes(single high amp, low freq)/sleep spindles (burst of high freq, moderate amp), no eye movt, little skeletal movt 3/4. delta waves(slow-wave sleep, high amp, low freq) REM (dreams)

Answer 352

form of bias: individual's descisions are influenced by a reference point

Answer 353

based on expectations of others

Answer 354

Jung's extraversion vs. introversion, sensing vs. intuiting, and thinking vs. feeling AND (judging vs. perceiving)

Answer 355

innate but not necessary for survival

Answer 356

degree to which items measure what research intends for them to measure

Answer 357

how well a test correlates with another well establishes criterion

Answer 358

tests covers the full range of content that the researchs desire to test

Answer 359

is the process of making a variable measurable

Answer 360

test actually succeed

Answer 361

degress to which casual conclusions can be drawn

Answer 362

comparison-no comparison in case studies

Answer 363

exert control by appealing to other's desire to belong

Answer 364

facts, events(explicit)

Answer 365

we incorporate others’ perceptions of us into our perceptions of ourselves

Answer 366

participants respond, then their responses are assessed for meaning

Answer 367

people coming together (functionalist perspective)

Answer 368

individuals engage in criminal choices b/c they are exposed to it

Answer 369

1. Pyschoanalytic: urges/desires (Ex: Freud and Jury(archetypes)) 2. Humanistic: strive towards happiness and self realization (Maslow and Roger's unconditional regard)

Answer 370

unexplained symptoms affecting sensory or motor function

Answer 371

reflex arcs

Answer 372

odd behavior during sleep

Answer 373

1. deductive: derive conclusions from rules 2. Inductive: generalization about evidence

Answer 374

Approach-avoidant have one option either + or - others have two options

Answer 375

nonsensory factors influence perceptions (emotion, motive, expectations)

Answer 376

cerrebellum, medulla oblongata, reticular formation

Answer 377

inferior (auditory) and superior (visual) colliculi

Answer 378

thalamus(sensory), hypothalmus, basal ganglia (smooth movt), limbic system (septal nuclei, amygdala, hippocampus), cerebral cortex

Answer 379

participants drop out of long term study

Answer 380

variable ratio

Answer 381

attempt to get someone to like you in order to get the to comply

Answer 382

amount of motivation required to achieve a goal is affected by a person's expectations of reaching goal and how that person values reaching that goal

Answer 383

adopt behavior of others, assumptions that other's behavior must be correct

Answer 384

learning/movt/ventral legmental area (learning)

Answer 385

increase Gaba and examples are alperozolm and phenobarbital

Answer 386

arousal: noepinephrine and epinephrine are essential to sustain behavior

Answer 387

executive, impulse control, long term planning (prefrontal), motor function (primary motor cortext), Broca's area

Answer 388

somatosensory, spatial processing, orientation, manipulation

Answer 389

auditory cortex, Wernicke's area, limbic system

Answer 390

trait theory: cardinal traits (people orgnanize their enture lives), central traits (defining characteristics), secondary (traits only occur sometimes)

Answer 391

differences in neuronal activity in brainstem during waking and REM/dreams result from brain activting during REM

Answer 392

people learn from observing others

Answer 393

individuals often conform to a group view, even when the group view is different from correct answer

Answer 394

children can display observational learning for aggressive behavior when watch adults exhibit behavior

Answer 395

effect of power and authority

Answer 396

authority and electric shock

Answer 397

reduce freq of reward

Answer 398

personality differences to be result of biological factors

Answer 399

idea from Marxism that refers to ideology dominating the consciousness of exploited groups and justifies and perpetuates their exploitation Ex: workers in an electronics factory in china told by their managers if they work hard for low wages, they may be promoted. The workers see the factory managers as potential allies, not the opposition that exploits them

Answer 400

1. crowd:a group of people in a single location that is united by a shared purpose 2. mob: form of crowd with violent intentions

Answer 401

refers to a pattern of self-presentation where one plans actions in a light that seems favorable

Answer 402

managing others by projecting expectations onto them

Answer 403

mate choice and the use of flashy signals as indicators of fitness, like a male peacock’s vibrant tail

Answer 404

structure of a language affects its speakers' worldview or cognition, and people's perceptions are relative to their spoken language

Answer 405

reciprocal causation= behavior, personal factors, environment influence attitudes= interaction btw these factors is reciprocal determinism

Answer 406

One's identity is composed of "me" and "I" (one's identity is developed through social interaction) me: attitudes, roles, meaning, pressure, values of society and others are organized into one's social self I: desires, freedom, creativity, autonomy

Answer 407

Cones perceive color and fine detail, while rods allow for the perception of light and dark

Answer 408

nasal fibers

Answer 409

disconnect between self-concept and reality

Answer 410

prescriptive is what an individual believes should occur descriptive: what one believes as actually occuring

Answer 411

short term memory, attention, executive function of brain

Answer 412

Implicit memory (nondeclarative memory): acquired skills and conditioned responses/procedural memory (cerrebellum: motor skills and specific physical actions) explicit memory(declarative memory): memories that we must consciously recall with effort and focus. Episodic memory--\> our experiences. Semantic memory--\> facts and concepts that we know (hippocampus)

Answer 413

photgraphic memory

Answer 414

can serve to reduce groupthink

Answer 415

houghts, emotions, body sensations, and behavior are all connected, and that what we think and do affects the way we feel

Answer 416

bipolar and polar cells

Answer 417

Weber’s law implies that gradual changes in a stimulus may elude detection, as they may fall below the just-noticeable difference threshold

Answer 418

The law of diminishing returns refers to lessened results gained from some action over time.

Answer 419

Thorndike’s law of effect relates to learning through conditioning.

Answer 420

Beta (high freq, low amp) waves are up and alert, alpha (high amp, high freq) are up but fatigued

Answer 421

Ventral tegmental area

Answer 422

Major depressive disorder can be diagnosed once a person has at least one major depressive episode. Major depressive episodes last a minimum of 2 weeks.

Answer 423

Diffusion refers to a process being transmitted across groups, in this case across SES groups. Being exposed to and potentially internalizing new learning methods via the school environment would therefore be an example of diffusion.

Answer 424

Cognitive theories of behavior focus on how faulty ways of thinking can negatively manifest as behavioral and emotional disorders.

Answer 425

a significant loss or emotional void.

Answer 426

disruption of certain critical periods during early development.

Answer 427

Anhedonia is a difficulty feeling pleasure,

Answer 428

Endolymph flow in the semicircular canals is disturbed, reducing the ability of hair cells to accurately detect angular acceleration.

Answer 429

25-30 degrees C or 85-90 degrees F

Answer 430

Distal: objects/events out in the world proximal: the objects and events that actually reach your sense

Answer 431

Sleep, apeptite, mood

Answer 432

avoidant, borderline, narcisistic

Answer 433

concepts involving familes. The view of organizations as open social systems that must interact with their environments in order to survive

Answer 434

The stress-diathesis model posits that underlying biological characteristics can be activated provided there is sufficient stress. An example of a stressor could be conflictual communication.

Answer 435

policy of favoring members of a social group that is perceived to suffer from discrimination within a culture. Examples include setting aside certain US federal government contracts for minority-owned businesses,

Answer 436

The neurotransmitter released by the inner ear hair cells is known to excite the spiral ganglion it innervates. Glutamate is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter used in the brain, making it the most likely answer.

Answer 437

Collective rationalization is the tendency for individuals engaging in groupthink to discount warnings and fail to re-engage their assumptions.

Answer 438

the tendency for members of a group affected by groupthink to act and speak as if all members agree with the group’s judgment.

Answer 439

the tendency of a group engaging in groupthink to appoint an unofficial “thought police” charged with preventing it from being exposed to opposing ideas and opinions.

Answer 440

1. High neuroticism (a long-term tendency to be in a negative emotional state) is associated with anxiety and increased susceptibility to stress. People with high neuroticism perceive everyday situations as being very stressful and potentially harmful. They respond poorly to trivial problems, and feel frustrated or upset very quickly. 2. High extraversion may be associated with decreases in stress responses, as highly extraverted individuals may have greater access to social support networks that can help with stress management. 3. High conscientiousness is associated with increased preparedness, which can decrease response to stress.

Answer 441

The familiarity heuristic involves inferring that past behavior will continue to the present.

Answer 442

Confirmation bias is the tendency to search for, interpret, favor, and recall information in a way that confirms one's beliefs or hypotheses while giving disproportionately less attention to information that contradicts them.

Answer 443

Require participants to rate their agreements with statements about attitudes, feelings, beliefs Three: 1. may avoid extreme responses/go towards mean =central tendecy bias 2. if know what researcher is interested in and may try to please researcher= acquiescence bias 3. may want to present themselves in a certain way so socially accepted= social desirability bias

Answer 444

explains that underlying stress, when excerbated by current stressors, can lead to disturbed functioning

Answer 445

experiences at early age can impact a person now

Answer 446

relationship experiences can affect other relationships

Answer 447

Authoritarian: harsh with little explanation athoritative: having limits but not over top (good)

Answer 448

easily adapted to particular clients/using the interviewee's own language and setting out their responses in the form of a grid

Answer 449

investigate effects of intervention for prevention, treatment, rehabilitation

Answer 450

min sample size needed to have enough power

Answer 451

secondary: husband/ mother in law tertiary: son of wife's brother

Answer 452

primary: devaince from a north that is considered acceptable, no long ter effects on self image secondary: not considered acceptable and results from individual being excluded from society, behavior and self concept change after labeled deviant

Answer 453

delusions and anhedonia

Answer 454

ability to analyze and combine several pieces of information regarding color, motion, shape, at once (received through visual processing)

Answer 455

children grouped into different camps and through manipulation, were encouraged to have negative attitudes towards each other, but when collaborate, they begin to view each other favoribly

Answer 456

personality difference as a result of biologial differenes

Answer 457

Boboball, observational learning for aggressive behavior

Answer 458

classsical conditioning/generalization (made boy fear furry animals)

Answer 459

parent child attachment

Answer 460

obsessively organized/neat

Answer 461

sexual dysfunction

Answer 462

odeipus or electra

Answer 463

repress/unfufilled with sexual experience

Answer 464

behind retina

Answer 465

be more affected by the positive stereotype regarding Asian Americans’ math ability. people whose ethnic identity is a central part of their self-concept would be more prone to the effects of stereotype threat regarding their ethnic identity. This does not mean that they would not be affected by gender stereotypes or affected by the conditions of the experiment

Answer 466

magic number 7 ± 2” George Miller (1956)

Answer 467

Bringing together quantitative methods and qualitative methods is referred to as mixed methods in sociology

Answer 468

dopamine release in mesolimbic system/associated with addiction

Answer 469

memory loss

Answer 470

salient info might jump out to us from the background (ie. cocktail party effect)

Answer 471

focus of our attention rapidly switches back and forth

Answer 472

believe something due to immediate examples or readily obtainble from memory

Answer 473

make conclusions and decisions based on average prototype

Answer 474

accepting new information that is aligned with our current belief system and denying info that is not aligned with out current belief

Answer 475

7 intellengences

Answer 476

fluid vs crystalized intellegence

Answer 477

people's responses to various stressors are similar

Answer 478

1. hierarchy of authority 2. promotion based on achievement 3. division of labor 4. impersonality 5. written rules of conduct 6. effeciency

Answer 479

1. age 2. sexual orientation 3. immigration status 4. gender 5. race

Answer 480

the younger generations are at bottom

Answer 481

civil unrest due to inequality from colonialism or disparities in economic development

Answer 482

social identity threat: negative evaluations of social groups one belongs to stereotype threat: is feeling of being at risk of confirming a negative stereotype about a group one belongs to

Answer 483

Mead: socially acceptable projection of one's self as the "me" and the true self as "I" Goffman: uses actors and roles to explain social interactions (actor fits role)

Answer 484

accommodation is the process by which new information results in a reshaping of one’s intellectual framework for viewing the world and this is reflected in the redefining of the self.

Answer 485

long term memory are organized into semantic networks where "nodes" are linked by association and causes adjacent nodes to be activated

Answer 486

demographic shift transition refer the changes in fertility, mortality, women's rights

Answer 487

fovea has a high desnity of cones for day time visions and periphery retina has a high density of rods which are more photosensitive and can detect dim light

Answer 488

first antipsychotic drugs used to treat positive symptoms in schizophrenia, but can lead to worsening negativesymptoms

Answer 489

an implicit memory effect in which prior exposure to a stimulus unfavorably influences the response to the same stimulus

Answer 490

one is able to hear different pitches because different sound waves trigger activity at different places along the basilar membrane

Answer 491

basilar membrane is widest and least stiff at the apex of the cochlea, and narrowest and stiffest at the base (near the round and oval windows, closer to outter ear). High-frequency sounds localize near the base of the cochlea, while low-frequency sounds localize near the apex.

Answer 492

VTA, nucleus accumbens, prefrontal cortex

Answer 493

depriving the subject of some desirable stimulus item for a period of time

Answer 494

people claim to remember detail of what they were doing when they received news about an emotionally arousing event

Answer 495

crystalized intellengence (semantic memory, general info)

Answer 496

schedule unambiguoisly informs the subject which behavior is correct

Answer 497

beliefs and ideas

Answer 498

Alone because of social loafing. People are more productive alone

Answer 499

terminate unpleasant stimulus

Answer 500

acquisition: take a neutral stimulus and associate it with an unconditioned stimulus. This neutral stimulus will become the conditioned stimulus

Answer 501

changes in research participants as a result of awareness of being observed

Answer 502

1. individuals believe something is real, then it is real in its consequences. interpretation causes actions/consequences 2. stereotype threat, self-fufilling prophecy

Answer 503

1. members encourage risks, ignore possible pitfalls, too optomistic 2. group think

Answer 504

1. members ignore expressed concerns about group approved ideas 2. group think

Answer 505

1. members believe ideas produced by the group are morally and ethically correct, disregarding evidence 2. groupthink

Answer 506

1. members construct stereotypes of those with outside opinions 2. groupthink

Answer 507

1. members feel pressured not to express opinions that disagree with group 2. groupthink

Answer 508

1. members withhold ideas and opinions that disagree with the group 2. groupthink

Answer 509

1. members believe the decisions and judgment of the group to be without disagreement, even if it does exist 2. groupthink

Answer 510

rewards and punishments

Answer 511

people tend to change their attitudes to match their behavior, rather than change behavior

Answer 512

decrease external bc exp becomes too controlled

Answer 513

conformation bias: tendency to favor information that confirms existing beliefs

Answer 514

measure of intelligence based on average abilities of children of a certain age

Answer 515

hereditary genius

Answer 516

learning something without actually performing behavior

Answer 517

Vygotsky: language was determines by interaction of biological and social influences Chomsky: animals do not have capacity to create language, humans have LAD Skinner: language is learned through reinforcement and approximation

Answer 518

efficiency, calculability, uniformity and control

Answer 519

Behavior, environment, and personal factors influence attitude (sociocognitive)

Answer 520

attitudes to match actions

Answer 521

4 or more manic or depressive episodes in one year

Answer 522

inability to walk

Answer 523

slip of the tongue, unintended actions

Answer 524

see image and see something signifcant

Answer 525

wire mother

Answer 526

localize sound

Answer 527

coordinate head rotation vith visual focus

Answer 528

development of brain + child's ability to speak are correlated

Answer 529

language is determines by interaction of biological and social facts

Answer 530

categorical: he/she is subject to a perception of others/ existential: can interact with world

Answer 531

objects moving at a constant speed across the frame will appear to move a greater amount if they are closer to an observer

Answer 532

sense of balance and spatial orientation for the purpose of coordinating movement with balance

Behavioral Science Flashcards

(564 cards)