Behavioral science Flashcards
1
Q
Aspects evaluated by the APGAR score
A
- Appearance
- Pulse
- Grimace
- Activity
- Respiration
2
Q
Describe the points evaluated in the appearance aspect of the APGAR score
A
- 0 points - pale/blue
- 1 point - pale with blue extremities
- 2 points - pink
3
Q
Describe the points evaluated in the pulse aspect of the APGAR score
A
- 0 points - no pulse
- 1 point - less than a 100 bpm
- 2 points - more than a 100 bpm
4
Q
Describe the points evaluated in the grimace aspect of the APGAR score
A
- 0 points - no response
- 1 point - grimaces or weak cry
- 2 points - cries and pulls away
5
Q
Describe the points evaluated in the activity aspect of the APGAR score
A
- 0 points - no movements
- 1 point - arms and legs flexed
- 2 points - active movement
6
Q
Describe the points evaluated in the respiration aspect of the APGAR score
A
- 0 points - no breathing
- 1 point - slow and irregular
- 2 points - strong cry
7
Q
When do primitive reflexes disappear
A
- Moro by 3 months
- Rooting by 4 months
- Palmar by 6 months
- Babinski by 12 months
8
Q
Describe the postural developmental milestones of the infant (0-12 months)
A
- Lifts head up prone by 1 month
- Rolls and sits by 6 months
- Crawls by 8 months
- Stands by 10 months
- Walks by 12 months
9
Q
Describe the social developmental milestones of the infant (0-12 months)
A
- Social smile by 2 months
- Stranger anxiety by 6 months
- Separation anxiety by 9 months
10
Q
When does object permanence appear
A
By 9 months
11
Q
At what age can a toddler (1-3 years) climb stairs
A
18 months
12
Q
At what age can a toddler (1-3 years) run
A
18 months
13
Q
How many cubes can be stacked by a toddler (1-3 years)
A
Depends on age, formula is:
Number of cubes stacked = age (yrs) x 3
14
Q
Describe the verbal developmental milestones of a toddler (1-3 years)
A
- Says 200 words by age 2 (2 zeros) and 2-word sentences
* Follows 2-steps commands
15
Q
At what age does a toddler (1-3 years) use parallel play
A
At 2 to 3 years
16
Q
At what age is core gender identity formed
A
At 3 years
17
Q
At what age can a child ride a tricycle
A
At 3 years (3 wheels at 3 years)
18
Q
At what age can a child hop on one foot
A
At 4 years
19
Q
Describe the drawing developmental milestones of a preeschool child (3-5 years)
A
- Copies line or circle (by 3 years)
* Stick figure (by 4 years)
20
Q
At what age does a child use cooperative play
A
Starts at 3 years
21
Q
At what age does a child start having imaginary friends
A
At 4 years
22
Q
Describe the verbal developmental milestones of a preschool child (3-5 years)
A
- Says 1000 words by age 3 (3 zeros)
- Uses complete sentences and prepositions (by age 4)
- Can tell detailed stories (by age 4)
23
Q
At what age can a child copy a triangle
A
6 years
24
Q
At what age can a child copy a diamond
A
7 years
25
Describe the Tanner stages of development of the female breast
* Stage 1: preadolescent (flat)
* Stage 2: breast bud (telarche)
* Stage 3: areolar diameter enlarges
* Stage 4: secondary mound, separation
* Stage 5: mature female
26
Average age of onset of telarche
10 to 11.5 years
27
Describe the Tanner stages of development for pubic hair
* Stage 1: none
* Stage 2: sparse, long straight
* Stage 3: darker, curling, increased amount
* Stage 4: coarse, curly, adult type
* Stage 5: extends to thighs
28
Average age of onset of pubarche
10 to 11.5 years
29
Describe the Tanner stages fo development for male genitalia
* Stage 1: childhood size
* Stage 2: enlargement of scrotum and testes
* Stage 3: penis grows in length
* Stage 4: penis grows in length and width
* Stage 5: adult shape
30
Characteristic sexual changes in elderly men
* Longer refractory period
| * Slower erection
31
Duration of grief
Can last up to 2 months (usually less tan 6)
32
When can grief be considered pathologic (needs treatment)
* Lasts more than 2 months
* Excessively strong
* Delayed/inhibited/denied
* When it meets criteria for a major depressive episode
33
Hypothalamic nucleus that drives the circadian rhythm
Suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus
34
Gland that secretes melatonin
Pineal gland
35
The pineal gland releases melatonin in response to which neurotransmitter
Norepinephrine
36
Name the 5 stages of grief according to the Kübler-Ross model
* Denial
* Anger
* Bargaining
* Depression
* Acceptance
37
Type of EEG waveform that appears with eyes open
Beta (highest frequency, lowest amplitude)
38
Type of EEG waveform that appears with eyes closed (but awake)
Alpha (8-12 Hz)
39
Describe what happens in the N1 stage of non-REM sleep and its EEG waveform
* Light sleep
| * Theta waves (4-7 Hz)
40
Describe what happens in the N2 stage of non-REM sleep and its EEG waveform
* Deeper sleep
* Bruxism occurs
* Sleep spindles and K complexes (12-14 Hz)
41
Describe what happens in the N3 stage of non-REM sleep and its EEG waveform
* Deepest non-REM sleep
* Sleepwalking, night terrors, and bedwetting occurs
* Delta waves (lowest frequency, highest amplitude, less than 4 Hz)
42
Physiologic changes that occur during REM sleep
* Loss of motor tone
* Increased brain oxygen use
* Variable pulse and blood pressure
43
Main neurotransmitter of REM sleep
Acetylcholine
44
EEG waveform observed in REM sleep
Beta waves
45
Sleep stage characterized by dreaming, nightmares, and penile/clitoral tumescence
REM sleep
46
Changes in REM sleep seen in depression
* Decreased REM latency and slow wave sleep
* Increased REM in early sleep cycle and total REM sleep
* Continual nighttime awakening
* Early morning awakening
47
How often does REM sleep occurs through the night
Every 90 minutes
48
Main characteristic of night terrors
Extreme physiologic arousal (eg, screaming in the middle of the night)
49
Define projection (ego defense)
Attributing an unacceptable inner feeling to others
50
Define denial (ego defense)
Avoiding the awareness of a painful reality (saying it is not so)
51
Define splitting (ego defense) and to what type of personality it is related
When the world is composed of polar opposites
*Seen in borderline personality disorder
52
Define repression (ego defense)
Involuntarily forgetting (non retrievable)
53
Define somatization (ego defense)
Physical symptoms for psycological reasons
54
Define fixation (ego defense)
Partially remaining at a more childish level of development
55
Define identification (ego defense)
Unconciously assuming characteristics, qualities, or traits of another person or group (usually someone mor powerful)
56
Define displacement (ego defense)
Redirection of emotions or impulses to a neutral person or object
57
Define blocking (ego defense)
Transient inability to remember
58
Define isolation of affect (ego defense)
Separating feeling from ideas or events
59
Define intellectualization (ego defense)
Using facts and logic to emotionally distance onseself from a stressful situation
60
Define acting out (ego defense)
Expressing unacceptable feelings and thoughts thgough actions
61
Define rationalization (ego defense)
Proclaiming logical reasons for actions actually performed for other reasons (to avoid self-blame)
62
Define reaction formation (ego defense)
An unacceptable idea or feeling is transformed into its opposite
63
Define passive-aggressive (ego defense)
Demonstrating hostile feelings in a nonconfrontational manner; showing indirect opposition
64
Define dissociation (ego defense)
Temporarily separating self from one's experience
65
Define idealization (ego defense)
Expressing extremely positive thoughts of self and other while ignoring negative thoughts
66
Define regression (ego defense)
Involuntarily going back to a more childish level of development
67
Name the mature ego defenses
* Sublimation
* Altruism
* Suppression
* Humor
68
Define sublimation (ego defense)
Moving an unacceptable impulse into an aceptable channel
69
Define suppression (ego defense)
Intentionally withholding an idea or feeling from conscious awareness, temporary
70
Brain region damaged in anterograde amnesia
Bilateral temporal lobes, including the hippocampus
71
Define dissociative amnesia
Inability to recall important personal information subsequent to CNS injury or stress, usually accompanied by dissociative fugue
72
Define dissociative fugue
Abrupt travel or wandering during a period of dissociative amnesia, associated with traumatic circumstances
73
Definition of delirium
"Waxing and waning" level of consciousness with acute onset; rapid decrease in attention span and level of arousal
74
Specific medications that can cause delirium
Medications with anticholinergic activity
75
Types of delirium in which benzodiazepines can be used
* Alcohol
| * BZD withdrawal
76
Common etiology of irreversible dementia
Neurodegenerative disease
77
Examples of reversible causes of dementia
* Hypothyroidism
* Depression
* Vitamin deficiency (B1, 3, 12)
* Normal pressure hydrocephalus
* Neurosyphilis
78
Neurotransmitter changes in Alzheimer disease
Low acetylcholine
79
Neurotransmitter changes in anxiety
* Increased NE
| * Decrease GABA and serotonin
80
Neurotransmitter changes in depression
*Decreased NE, serotonin, and dopamine
81
Neurotransmitter changes in Huntington disease
* Increased dopamine
| * Decreased GABA and acetylcholine
82
Neurotransmitter changes in Parkinson disease
* Decreased dopamine
| * Increased serotonin and acetylcholine
83
Neurotransmitter changes in schizophrenia
Increased dopamine
84
Signs of child physical abuse
* Healed fractures on x-ray
* Bruises on unlikely áreas
* Burns (cigarette)
* Retinal hemorrhage
85
Most common person to commit child physical abuse
Biological mother
86
Signs of child sexual abuse
* Genital, anal, or oral trauma
* STIs
* UTIs
87
Peak incidence of child sexual abuse
9 to 12 years old
88
Signs and symptoms of ADHD
* Hyperactivity, impulsivity, and/or inattention in multiple settings
* Normal intelligence with difficulties in school
* Onset before age 12
89
Drug of choice for autism with irritability/aggressive behavior
Risperidone
90
Drug of choice for autism with depression/anxiety
SSRI (eg, fluoxetine)
91
Drug of choice for autism with repetitive behaviors
SSRI (eg, fluoxetine or fluvoxamine)
92
Most important characteristics of Asperger disease
* Repetitive behavior
* Normal intelligence
* All-absorbing interests
* Problems developing social relationships
93
Diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia
2 of the following, and at least 1 should include 1-3:
1. Delusions
2. Hallucinations (auditory are most common)
3. Disorganized speech
4. Disorganized or catatonic behavior
5. Negative symptoms
*Symptoms should last for more than 6 months
94
Examples of negative symptoms of schizophrenia
* Affective flattening
* Avolition
* Anhedonia
* Asociality
* Alogia
95
Period of time with the criteria for schizophrenia to be diagnosed with brief psychotic disorder
Less than 1 month
96
Period of time with the criteria for schizophrenia to be diagnosed with schizophreniform disorder
From 1 month to 6 months
97
Diagnosis of schizoaffective disorder
* Meets criteria for schizophrenia
* Major mood disorder (major depressive or bipolar)
* More than 2 weeks of hallucinations or delusions without major mood episodes
98
Name the high potency typical antipsychotics and their characteristic side effect
"TRy to FLy High"
* Haloperidol, trifluoperazine, fluphenazine
* Cause more extrapiramidal sypmtoms (EPS) and less nonspecific side effects
99
Name the low potency typical antypsichotics and ther characteristic side effects
"CHeating THIeves are low"
* Chlorpromazine and thioridazine
* Cause more nonspecific side effects and less extrapiramidal sypmtoms (EPS)
100
Mechanism of action of typical antipsychotics
Selective antagonism of D2 receptors
101
Name the nonspecific side effects of typical antipsychotics (caused by alpha and muscarinic blockade)
* Alpha blockade: orthostatic hypotension and male sexual dysfunction
* Muscarinic blockade: constipation, dry mouth, urinary retention, visual problems
* Sedation
102
Name the specific side effects of typical antipsychotics (caused by D2 blockade)
* Hyperprolactinemia
* Neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS)
* Extrapyramidal sypmtoms (EPS)
103
Name the extrapiramidal sypmtoms
* Acute dystonia
* Akathisia
* Parkinsonism
* Tardive dyskinesia
104
How long do a patient needs to be exposed to neuroleptics to develop tardive dyskinesia
At least 3 months
105
Signs and symptoms of tardive dyskinesia
Involuntary repetitive movements of lips, face, tongue, and limbs
106
Mechanism of action of atypical antipsychotics
Blockage of 5HT2 and weaker block of D2
* Clozapine blocks D4 instead of D2
* Aripiprazole is D2 partial agonist
107
Characteristic side effect of chlorpromazine
Corneal deposits
108
Characteristic side effect of thioridazine
Retinal deposits
109
Drug of choice in a patient with treatment resistant schizophrenia
Clozapine
110
Characteristic side effect of olanzapine
Obesity
111
Cardiac side effect of atypical antipsychotics
Prolongation of QT interval
112
Atypical antipsychotics with increased risk of causing metabolic syndrome
All those that end in "-pine"
113
Characteristics of cyclothymic disorder
* Persisten depressive disorder with hypomania
| * Chronic (at least 2 years)
114
Definition of bipolar type 1 disorder
At least 1 manic episode +/- a hypomanic or depressive episode
115
Definition of bipolar type 2 disorder
Presence of a hypomanic and a depressive episode
116
Use of what type of drugs can precipitate mania
Antidepressants (SSRIs)
117
Treatment of bipolar disorders
* Mood stabilizers (eg, lithium, valproate, carbamazepine, lamotrigine)
* Atypical antipsychotics
118
Diagnostic criteria for a manic episode
Requires hospitalization or at least 3 of the following, lasting at least 1 week ("DIG FAST"):
* Distractibility
* Irresponsibility
* Grandiosity
* Flight of ideas
* increased in goal-directed Activity or psychomotor Agitation
* decreased need for Sleep
* Talkativeness or pressured speech
119
Definition of a hypomanic episode
* Same symptoms as manic episode but not as severe to cause impairment or to necessitate hospitalization
* Lasts at least 4 days
120
Mechanism of action of lithium
Possible inhibition of phosphoinositol cascade, thereby altering neuronal sodium transport
121
Lithium side effects
"LiTHIUM"
* Low Thyroid (hypothyroidism with goiter)
* Heart (Ebstein anomaly)
* Insipidus (nephrogenic diabetes insipidus)
* Unwanted Movements (tremor)
122
Treatment for lithium induced nephrogenic diabetes insipidus
Amiloride
123
Definition of persistent depressive disorder
Mild form of depression lasting at least 2 years
124
Treatment of seasonal affective disorder (SAD)
Bright light therapy (SSRIs when unresponsive)
125
Diagnostic criteria for major depressive disorder
5 of the following must be present for at least 2 weeks, with 1 being anhedonia ("SIG E CAPS")
* Anhedonia or depresed mood
* Sleep disturbance (insomnia or hypersomnia)
* loss of Interest
* Guilt or feeling of worthlessness
* Energy loss and fatigue
* Concentration problems
* Appetite/weight changes
* Psychomotor retardation or agitation
* Suicidal ideations
126
Mechanism of action of tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs)
Block NE and serotonin reuptake
127
Signs and symptoms of TCA overdose/toxicity
"Tri-C's"
* Convulsions
* Coma
* Cardiotoxicity
128
Name the monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOI)
"MAO Takes Pride In Shanghai"
* Tranylcypromine
* Phenelzine
* Isocarboxazid
* Selegiline (selective MAO-B inhibitor)
129
Clinical uses of monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOI)
* Atypical depression
* Treatment-resistant depression
* Anxiety
* Parkinson disease
130
Most important side effects of monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOI)
* Orthostatic hypotension
* Weight gain
* Hypertensive crisis if combined with ingestión of tyramine containing foods
* Serotonin syndrome if combined with SSRIs
131
How long does it take for SSRIs to have an effect
4 to 8 weeks
132
Most important adverse effects of SSRIs
* GI distress
* SIADH
* Sexual dysfunction (anorgasmia and decreased libido)
133
SNRI indicated for the treatment of fibromyalgia and peripheral neuropathy
Duloxetine
134
Indications of trazodone
Insomnia and depression
135
Mechanism of action of trazodone
* Blocks 5-HT2
* Blocks alpha1 adrenergic
* Blocks H1 receptors
136
Side effects of trazodone
"traZZZoBONE"
* Sedation
* Priapism
137
Indications of bupropion
Smoking cessation and depression
138
Mechanism of action of bupropion
Inhibits reuptake of NE and dopamine
139
Patients candidates for electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
* Treatment-refractory depression
* Depression with psychotic symptoms
* Acute suicidality
* Pregnant patients
140
Treatment of generalized anxiety disorder
* First line: CBT, SSRI, SNRI
| * Second line: buspirone, TCA, BZD
141
Short-acting benzodiazepines (BZD) with high addictive potential
"ATOM"
* Alprazolam
* Triazolam
* Oxazepam
* Midazolam
142
Benzodiazepines (BZD) that are not metabolized by the liver
"Outside The Liver"
* Oxazepam
* Temazepam
* Lorazepam
*These drugs are preferred for the elderly and those with decreased hepatic function
143
Benzodiazepine that is given in alcohol detoxification
Chlordiazepoxide
144
Advantages of buspirone in generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) treatment
* Does not cause sedation, addiction, or tolerance
| * Does not interact with alcohol
145
How long does it take for buspirone to take effect
1 to 2 weeks
146
Mechanism of action of buspirone
Stimulates 5HT1a receptors
147
Diagnostic criteria for a panic disorder
Panic attack followed by 1 month or more of 1 or more of the following:
* Persisten concern of additional attacks
* Worrying about consequences of attack
* Behavioral change related to attacks
148
Examples of panicogens
* CO2
* Yohimbine
* Sodium
* Hyperventilation
* Lactate
* Epinephrine
149
Treatment of panic disorder
* First line acute: CBT +/- alprazolam or clonazepam
* First line chronic: SSRI, SNRI (venlafaxine)
* Second line chronic: TCAs
150
Definition of social anxiety disorder
Exagerated fear of embarrassment in social situations (eg, public speaking or using public restrooms)
151
Beta blocker used in performance anxiety
Propranolol
152
Definition of obsessive-compulsive disorders
Recurrent intrusive thoughts, feelings, or sensantions (obsessions) that cause severe distress; relieved in part by the performance of repetitive actions (compulsions)
153
Treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorders
CBT +/- SSRI or clomipramine
154
Definition of body dysmorphic disorder
Preoccupation with minor or imagined defect in appearance that causes significant emotional distress or impaired functioning
155
Important characteristic of body dysmorphic disorder
Patients repeatedly seek cosmetic treatment
156
Definition of somatic symptom disorder
Variety of bodily complaints lasting for months to years associated with excessive, persistent thoughts and anxiety about symptoms
157
Treatment of somatic symptom disorder
Regular office visits with the same physician in combination with psychotherapy
158
Definition of conversion disorder (functional neurologic symptom disorder)
Loss of sensory or motor function often following an acute stressor
159
Name the cluster A personality disorders
"Weird" "Accusatory, Aloof, Awkward"
* Paranoid
* Schizoid
* Schizotypal
160
Name the cluster B personality disorders
"Wild" "Bad, Borderline, flamBoyant, must be the Best"
* Antisocial
* Borderline
* Histrionic
* Narcissistic
161
Name the cluster C personality disorders
"Worried" "Cowardly, obsessive-Compulsive, Clingy"
* Avoidant
* Obsessive-compulsive
* Dependent
162
Main difference between schizoid and avoidant personality disorders
Schizoids voluntarily withdraw from society, while avoidants desire relationships but are socially inhibited
163
Requirements for the diagnosis of antisocial personality disorder
* Must be 18 years or older
| * Must have a history of conduct disorder before age 15
164
Main characteristics of anorexia nervosa
* BMI less than 18.5 kg/m2
| * Intense fear of gaining weight
165
First line treatment of anorexia nervosa
Psychotherapy and nutritional rehabilitation
166
Main characteristics of bulimia nervosa
* Normal body weight
| * Binge eating with recurrent inappropiate compensatory behavior ocurring weekly for at least 3 months
167
First line treatment of binge eating disorder
SSRIs, lisdexamfetamine, topiramate
168
Drugs that can decrease vaginal lubrication and lead to female sexual arousal disorders
* Antihistamines
| * Anticholinergics
169
Drug used to help prevent alcoholism relapse
Acomprosate
170
Drug used to prevent alcohol craving in alcoholism
Naltrexone
171
Signs and symptoms of opioid withdrawal
* Goose bumps
* Diarrhea
* Rhinorrhea
* Lacrimation
* Sweating
* Yawning
* Muscle jerks
172
Characteristics of maternal (postpartum) blues
* Starts 2 to 3 days after delivery
* Depressed affect
* Tearfulness
* Fatigue
* Resolves within 10 days
173
Treatment of maternal (postpartum) blues
Supportive
174
Characteristics of postpartum depression
* Lasts for more than 2 weeks
* Depressed affect
* Anxiety
* Poor concentration
175
Treatment of postpartum depression
CBT and SSRIs are first line
176
Characteristics of postpartum psychosis
* Mood-congruent delusions
* Hallucinations
* Thgoughts of harmins the baby or self
177
Treatment of postpartum psychosis
Hospitalization and atypical antipsychotics
178
Most important electrolyte abnormality in refeeding syndrome
Hypophosphatemia
179
Most common acid-base disturbance seen in bulima nervosa
Metabolic alkalosis (with low chloride and potassium)
180
Pathogenesis of narcolepsy
Decreased hypocretin (orexin) production in lateral hypothalamus
181
Cataplexy (the los of all muscle tone following strong emotional stimulus) is specific of what pathology
Narcolepsy
182
Treatment for narcolepsy
* Daytime stimulants (amphetamine and modafinil)
| * Nighttime sodium oxybate (GHB)
183
Most common initial symptom of alcohol withdrawal
Tremor
184
Type of hallucinations seen in cocaine intoxications
Tactile
185
Age at which the infant follows object to midline
4 weeks
186
Age at which the infant laughs aloud
4 months
187
Age at which parents can see a hand preference in the child
18 months
188
Age at which a child can walk backwards and unscrew a jar lid
24 months
189
At what age can a child stand on tiptoes
30 months
190
At what age can a child identify body parts by pointing
24 months
191
At what age is a child fully toilet trained
3 years
192
At what age can a child copy a cross
4 years
193
At what age can a child copy a rectangle
4.5 years
194
At what age can a child copy a square
5 years
195
At what age does the child enter the Oedipal phase
5 years
196
Classic tetrad of narcolepsy
* Excessive daytime sleepiness
* Hypnagogic or hypnopompic hallucinations
* Sleep paralysis
* Cataplexy
197
Definition of sleep apnea
Repetitive apneas (more than 5 times per hour) with abscence of respiratory effort for extended periods during sleep
198
Risk factor for sudden infant death syndrome
Maternal smoking
199
Age at which enuresis should start being treated
7 years old
200
Treatment of enuresis
* Acute: imipramine
| * Chronic: desmopressing or waking the child to urinate
201
Drug used as second-line treatment of schizophrenia in case of failure with atypical antipsychotics and IM for acute psychotic episodes
Haloperidol
202
Drug used in depression in anorexia nervosa
Mirtazapine
203
Contraindication of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
Increased intracranial pressure
204
BZD receptor that mediates sedation
BZ1
205
BZD receptor that mediates antianxiety and impaired cognitive functions
BZ2
206
Defense mechanism associated with the paranoid personality disorder
Projection
207
Personality disorders that have an increased incidence in families with history of schizophrenia
* Paranoid
| * Schizoid
208
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor partial agonist that is used for smoking cessation
Varenicline
209
Enzyme that increases with alcohol, and therefore, is a very sensitive indicator of its use
Serum gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT)
*First index to react
210
Drugs that, as alcohol, can increase levels of gamma-glutamyltransferase
Barbiturates and phenytoin
211
Biomarker that becomes positive in urine almost immediately after alcohol intake
Ethyl glucuronide (EtG)
212
Aminotransferase that is the most elevated in alcoholic hepatitis
AST (value is usually twice ALT)
213
Drugs associated with thrombocytopenia
* Valproic acid
* Furosemide
* Gold salts
* NSAIDs
* Quinidine
* Quinine
* Sulfonamides
214
Side effects of valproic acid
* Hepatotoxicity
* Pancreatitis
* Neural tube defects
* Alopecia
* Weight gain
* Tremor
215
Age at which "no" is a favorite word
2 years
216
Sleep changes in the elderly
* Decreased REM sleep
* Decreased slow-wave sleep
* Increased sleep latency
* Increased awakenings
217
Age group with the highest suicide rate in the US
65 to 74
218
Neurotransmitter that reduces REM sleep
Norepinephrine
219
Alcohol and other depresseants affect which part of the sleep cycle
They decrease REM and delta wave sleep
220
Number 1 cause of infant mortality in the US
* Birth defects cause by low folic acid intake
| * Alcohol, tobacco, and drug use
221
Number 2 cause of infant mortality in the US
Preterm births and resultant low birth weight
222
Number 3 cause of infant mortality in the US
Suddend infant death syndrome
223
Type of drugs that can cause anterograde amnesia (usually administered before short invasive procedures)
Benzodiazepines
224
Mode of inheritance of Rett's syndrome
X linked dominant
225
Alcohol withdrawal and cocaine abuse are associated with which type of hallucinations
Tactile hallucinations
