Behavioral Science Flashcards
formula for incidence rate
new cases/ population at risk
prevalence
all cases/ population at risk
point prevalence
all known cases of disease at certain point/total population at risk
crude mortality rate
deaths / populaitno
cause specific mortality rate
deaths from a cause/ population
case fatality rate
deaths from a cause/ all people with disease
proportion mortality rate
deaths from cause / all deaths
sensitivity
proportion of truly diseased people
Tp/(Tp+Fn)
false negative rate
1-sensitivity
specificity
people who do not have the disease
TN/(TN+FP)
false positive rate
1-specificity
positive predictive value
the person with a positive test really does have the disease
TP/(TP+FP)
negative predictive value
probability that someone with a negative test is a true negative
TN/(TN+FN)
formula for accuracy
(TP+TN)/(TP+TN+FP+FN)
reliability
the ability of a test to measure something consistently
validity
degree to which a test measure what is intended
selection bais
the sample selected doesn’t accurately represent the population
measurement bias
information is gathered in a way that distorts the information (using leading questions )
Hawthorne effect
when the subjects behavior is altered because they know they are being watched
experimenter expectancy (Pygmalion Effect)
the experimenters expectations are inadvertently communicated to the subjects who then give the desired effects
Lead time bias
give a false estimate of survival rates (early detection is confused with increased survival rates)
recall bias
subject fails to accurately recall events in the past
late look bias
individuals with severe diseases are less likely to be uncovered in a survey because they die first
confounding bias
factor being examined is related to other factors of less interest (example: comparing exercise and heart disease in two populations when one population is younger then the other )
design bias
parts of the study don’t fit together to answer the question of interest
cohort study
people who have been exposed to a risk factor versus those who have not
cross sectional study
presence or abscens of a disease and other variables
relative risk `
incidence rate of an exposed group divided by the incidence rate of an unexposed group (infant mortality in whites is 8 and in blacks its 18, divid 18 by 8 and get 2, blacks are twice as likely to die)
attributable risk
exposed group minus the unexposed group
odds ratio (used to measure case-control)
odds of the exposure for cases divided by odds of exposure for controls
(odds that a person with lung cancer was a smoker versus a person with lung cancer that wasn’t a smoker)
mean
average of the numbers
median
the middle point
mode
most frequently occurring number
what does the null hypothesis state
that the findings of the study are of random factors and chance
smaller p values are more?
significant
if p is
reject it
rejecting the null hypothesis when you shouldn’t (p>0.05)
type 2 B error
Not rejecting the null hypothesis when you should (p
type 1 error
id
animalistic instinctive urges, sex, aggression, primary processes
ego
rational and language based executors linking to reality
superego
the conscience and moral compass. insist on social acceptable behavior
person attributes his wishes and desires or emotions to someone else.
a man who cheated on his wife is convinced that his wife is cheating on him
projection
people or things in the world are either all good or all bad
splitting
temporary block in thinking or an inability to remember
Mr. J you are suffering from…. i can’t remember what its called)
blocking
returning to an earlier age of development (Acting childish)
regression
psychic derivatives are converted into bodily symptoms.
Getting a headache while taking a test
somatization
features of the external world are taken in and made part of the self (identification)
A resident dresses and acts like the attending doctor
introjection
changing the target of an emotion
a man who is angry at his boss pounds on his desk
displacement
an idea or feeling is eliminated from conscious
a child who was abused by mom and was treated for the abuse now has no memory of mistreatment from the mother
repression
reality is accepted but without the expected human emotional response to that reality
a child who has been beaten discusses the beatings without any splay of emotion
isolation of effect
affect is gone and replaced with an excessive use of intellectual processes
intellectualization
massive emotional or behavioral outburst to cover up underlying feelings or idea
” Whistling in the dark” hides the underlying fear
acting out
rational explanations are used to justify attitudes, believes or behaviors that are not acceptable
Yes i believe killing is wrong, but i killed him because he really really deserved it
rationalization
an unacceptable impulse is turned into the opposite
Two coworkers fight all the time because they are actually attracted to each other
Reaction Formation
acting out the reverse of an unacceptable behavior
a man who is sexually aroused by another woman goes home and buys flowers for his wife
undoing
separates self from ones experience
a woman who was rapes reports as if she watched it happen to herself
dissociation
impulse gratification is achieved by channeling the unacceptable or unattainable impulse into a socially acceptable direction.
man who is attracted to a female associate becomes her mentor
sublimation
conscious decision to postpone attention to an impulse or conflict
student decides to forget about a test to go have fun on Friday
suppression
treatment for narcoplepsy
Modafinil
Gamma Hydroxybutyrate (redues daytime sleepiness)
antidepressants
bruxism occurs in what stage
2
tx for bed wetting
desmopressin or imipramine
tx for sleep walking
benzodiapeine
bizarre delusions, blunted affect, hallucinations and disturbance in behavior
> 6 mos
1 to 30 days
schizophrenia
schizophreniform
brief psychotic disorder
positive schizophrenia symptoms are associated with what receptors
DA
negative schizophrenia symptoms are associated with what receptors
muscarinic
what are two drugs that block the NMDA pathway and can cause negative and positive psychotic symptoms
Phencyclidine and Ketamine
mild alternation between depression and elation
cyclothymia
major alteration between depression and elation
bipolar (manic depression)
major depression plus hypomanic episodes
bipolar 2
manic and major depression episodes
bipolar 1
