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Step Behavioral Science > Behavioral Science > Flashcards

Behavioral Science Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a case control study?

A

It compares a group of people with a disease to a group of people without a disease; it looks at odds ratios – Why do they have this disease? Erin Brokovich

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2
Q

What is a cohort study?

A

Compares a group with an exposure to a group without an exposure to see if it increases the likelihood of disease; looks at relative risk – Will they get the disease?

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3
Q

What is a cross-sectional study?

A

Collects data from a group to assess frequency of disease at a point in time; DOES NOT establish causality but can show risk factors for disease

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4
Q

What is a twin concordance study?

A

Compares monozygotic to dizygotic twins to measure heritability

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5
Q

What is an adoption study?

A

Compares siblings raised by biological v. adoptive parents to measure heritability and environmental influence

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6
Q

What are the four phases of clinical trials?

A

Phase I - healthy volunteers (safety, toxicity, PK)
Phase II - patients with disease of interest (treatment efficacy, optimal dosing, adverse effects)
Phase III - large number of patients assigned to treatment or placebo
Phase IV - Postmarketing surveillance

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7
Q

What is sensitivity?

A

Probability that a positive test is positive in disease (SnOUT)

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8
Q

What is specificity?

A

Probability that a negative test is actually negative (SpIN)

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9
Q

What is the positive predictive value?

A

Probability that a person actually has a disease given a positive test result

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10
Q

What is the negative predictive value?

A

Probability that a negative test result indicates a true negative

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11
Q

What is the incidence rate?

A

It looks at the number of new cases in a time period out of the population at risk during the same time period

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12
Q

What is prevalence?

A

It looks at the number of existing cases out of the population at risk

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13
Q

What is the number needed to treat?

A

Number of patients that need to be treated for 1 patient to benefit

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14
Q

What is the number needed to harm?

A

Number of patients that need to be exposed to a risk factor for 1 to be harmed

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15
Q

What is absolute risk reduction?

A

Reduction in risk with treatment as compared to a control

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16
Q

If there is a high precision, there is a low ___

A

standard deviation

17
Q

What is procedure bias?

A

When more attention is given to the treatment group

18
Q

What is lead-time bias?

A

Early detection is confused with increased survival

19
Q

What is the Hawthorne effect?

A

When a group changes its behavior because it knows it is being watched

20
Q

In which skew is mean>median>mode?

A

Positive skew

21
Q

In which skew is mean<mode?

A

Negative skew

22
Q

What is a type I error?

A

Stating there IS a difference when none exists

23
Q

What is a type II error?

A

Stating that there is NOT a difference when there is

24
Q

If the CI includes zero…

A

there is no significant difference

25
Q

If the CI includes one…

A

there still may not be a difference but there may

26
Q

If the CIs do not overlap…

A

there is a difference

27
Q

What is an ANOVA?

A

It looks at the difference between 3 or more groups

28
Q

What is a chi-square?

A

Looks at difference between two or more percentages

29
Q

What are the types of disease prevention?

A

Primary - prevent disease
Secondary - early detection
Tertiary - reduce disability form disease

30
Q

When is parental consent not required?

A

Pregnancy, contraceptives, STDs, drug addiction, emergencies

31
Q

What does APGAR mean?

A

appearance, pulse, grimace, activity, respiration

32
Q

What is a “good” APGAR? “Bad”?

A

7 or greater is good, <4 resuscitate

33
Q

What is low birth weight?

A

< 2500 g

34
Q

T/F In the elderly, sexual interest decreases

A

FALSE

35
Q

What are the BMI scores?

A 
<18.5 is underweight
18.5-24.9 is normal weight
25-29.9 is overweight
30 obesity
35 severe obesity
40 morbid obesity
45 super obesity
36
Q

Beta waves have the ____ frequency and the ____ amplitude

A

highest; lowest

37
Q

Sleep enuresis is treated with?

A

oral desmopressin

Step Behavioral Science (1 decks)

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