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MCAT > Behavioral Science > Flashcards

Behavioral Science Flashcards

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MCAT flashcards
1
Q

What was the main contribution of Franz Gall?

A

Intellect, behavior, and personality are linked to brain anatomy.

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2
Q

What was the main contribution of Pierre Flourens?

A

Removed pieces of the brain and studied changes in the behavior caused by them.

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3
Q

What are the main contributions of William James?

A

Helped form functionalism. Believed mental processes help adapt to the environment.

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4
Q

What was the main contribution of John Dewey?

A

Different view on functionalism. Believed the whole organism functioned to adapt to the environment.

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5
Q

What was the main contribution of Paul Broca?

A

Studied brain deficits in people of people with brain damage. One study led to the discovery of damage in the left side of the brain now know as Broca’s area.

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6
Q

What was the contribution of Hermann von Helmholtz?

A

Measured the speed of nerve impulse.

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7
Q

What was the contribution of Sir Charles Sherrington?

A

Inferred existence of synapses. Believed they were electrical impulses, but are mostly chemical reactions.

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8
Q

Central Nervous System

A

Involve brain and spinal cord.

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9
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

A

Involve nerves and tissues outside spinal cord and brain.

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10
Q

What does a Afferent neuron do?

A

Form receptors to spinal cord and brain

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11
Q

What does a Efferent neuron do?

A

Form spinal cord and brain to muscle and glands

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12
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

Conscious motor functions

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13
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

Heartbeat, respiration, digestion, gland responses

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14
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A

Stress effects

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15
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system

A

Post-stressor effects

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16
Q

What are the main functions of the Hindbrain?

A

Refined motor movements, vital functioning (breathing, digestion), arousal, and alertness .

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17
Q

What are the functions of the Midbrain?

A

Sensory motor reflexes

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18
Q

What are the functions of the Forebrain?

A

Complex perceptual, cognitive, and behavioral processes. Movement, emotion and memory, sensory relay station, hunger and thirst: emotion

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19
Q

What are the 2 major divisions of the Forebrain?

A

Diencephalon and Telencephalon

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20
Q

What are some of the methods used for mapping the brain?

A

Cortical maps, EEG, CT,PET, MRI, fMR,rCBF

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21
Q

What structures surround and protect the brain?

A

Meninges: Dura, Arachnoid, and Pia mater

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22
Q

What does EEG stand for?

A

Electroencephalogram

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23
Q

What does CT stand for?

A

Computed Tomography

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24
Q

What does PET scan stand for?

A

Positron Emission Tomography scan

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25
Q

What does MRI stand for?

A

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

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26
Q

What does rCBF stand for?

A

regional Cerebral Blood Flow

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27
Q

What does fMRI stand for?

A

functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging

28
Q

Basal Ganglia

A

Smooth movements

29
Q

Cerebellum

A

Coordinated movement

30
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

Complex perceptual, cognitive, and behavioral processes

31
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Hunger and thirst; emotion

32
Q

Inferior and Superior colliculi

A

Sensorimotor reflexes

33
Q

Limbic system

A

Emotion and memory

34
Q

Medulla oblongata

A

Vital function (breathing, digestion)

35
Q

Reticular formation

A

Arousal and alertness

36
Q

Thalamus

A

Sensory relay station

37
Q

Frontal Lobe function

A

Supervises processes associated with perception, memory, emotion, impulse control, and long term planning

38
Q

Parietal Lobe function

A

Somatosensory information processing: processing the five senses.

39
Q

Occipital Lobe function

A

Visual cortex: controls vision information

40
Q

Temporal Lobe function

A

Processes sounds, memory, language and emotion

41
Q

What is the difference between ipsilateral and contralateral communication between the brain and body?

A

Ipsilateral communication: when cerebral hemispheres communicated with the same side of the body.
Contralateral communication: when cerebral hemispheres communicate with the opposite side of the body.

42
Q

How is the dominant hemisphere typically defined?

A

It one that is more heavily stimulated during language reception and production

43
Q

Acetylcholine

A

Voluntary muscle control

44
Q

Dopamine

A

Smooth movement and steady posture

45
Q

Endorphins

A

Natural pain killer

46
Q

Epinephrine/ norepinephrine

A

Fight or flight response

47
Q

GABA/ glycine

A

brain “stabilizer”

48
Q

Glutamine

A

Brain excitation

49
Q

Serotonin

A

mood, sleep, eating, dreaming

50
Q

Which endocrine organs influence behaviors? What hormones do they used and what do they do?

A

Adrenal glands: epinephrine, norepinephrine
Gonads: Ovaries, testes : estrogen, progesterone, testosterone (sex hormones)

51
Q

Influence of nature vs. nurture

A

Nature: heredity, influence of inherited characteristics on behavior
Nurture: influence of the environment and physical surroundings on behavior

52
Q

Describe the process of neurulation

A

Ectoderm overlaying notochord begins to furrow

53
Q

Rooting reflex

A

Automatic turning of head in the direction of stimulus

54
Q

Moro reflex

A

Reacting to abrupt movement of head by flinging arms up retracting them slowly and crying

55
Q

Babinski reflex

A

toes spread apart automatically when sole of foot is stimulated

56
Q

Grasping reflex

A

Closes fingers around an object placed in hand

57
Q

What are the two main themes that dictate the stages of motor development in early childhood?

A

Gross motor development proceeds from head to toe, and from the core to the periphery.

58
Q

Photoreceptors

A

sight: respond to visible light

59
Q

Hair cell

A

respond to movement of fluid in the inner ear

60
Q

Nocieceptors

A

Respond to painful stimuli or noxious stimuli

61
Q

Thermoreceptors

A

respond to changes in temperature

62
Q

Osmoreceptors

A

water homeostasis: responds to osmolarity of blood

63
Q

Olfactory receptors

A

(smell) respond to volatile compounds

64
Q

Taste receptors

A

(taste) respond to dissolved compounds

65
Q

Distal

A

in the distance

66
Q

Proximal

A

in close proximity

67
Q

Weber’s law

A

The JND for a stimulus is proportional to the magnitude of the stimulus. this proportion is constant over most of the range of possible stimuli.

MCAT (5 decks)

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