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Behavioral Neuroscience: Exam 2 > Behavioral Neuroscience: Exam 4 > Flashcards

Behavioral Neuroscience: Exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

How much sleep do we need?

A

The vast amount of time spent sleeping suggests that sleep has a significant biological function.

-Most people sleep over 175,000 hours in their lifetime

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2
Q

Three standard measures of sleep…

A
  1. EEG
  2. EOG
  3. EMG
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3
Q

Electroencephalogram (EEG)

A
  • Reveals “brainwaves

- Primary measure that is used

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4
Q

Electrooculogram (EOG)

A

-Records eye movements seen during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep

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5
Q

Electromyogram (EMG)

A

-Detects loss of activity in neck muscles during some sleep stages

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6
Q

Alpha Waves

A
  • Bursts of 8-12 Hz EEG waves
  • Eyes closed, preparing to sleep
  • Relaxed state
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7
Q

Four Stages of Sleep #1

A

Stage 1

  • Similar to awake EEG, but slower
  • Low voltage, high-frequency
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8
Q

Four Stages of Sleep #2

A

Stage 2

  • K Complexes: One large negative (upward deflection) wave followed by one large positive wave
  • Sleep Spindles: Bursts of 12-14 Hz waves

Stage 1

  • Similar to awake EEG, but slower
  • Low voltage, high-frequency
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9
Q

Four Stages of Sleep #3 & #4

A

Stage 3 & Stage 4

  • SWS (slow wave sleep)
  • Delta waves, large and slow
  • Not taking in or sending out any information
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10
Q

Emergent Stage 1

A

When you come out of deep sleep, this is where you dream.

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11
Q

REM Sleep

A

Rapid Eye Movement Sleep
This is where you dream, during REM we experience loss of core muscle tone, low amplitude/ high frequency EEG, increased cerebral and autonomic activity, muscles may twitch, penile erection

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12
Q

REM Sleep and Dreaming

A
  • 80% of awakenings from REM yield reports of story-like dreams
  • External stimuli may be incorporated into dreams
  • Dreams run on real time
  • Everyone dreams
  • Penile erections are not a result of erotic dreams
  • Sleepwalking and talking are less likely to occur while dreaming
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13
Q

Freuds Interpretation of Dreams

A

Dreams are triggered by unacceptable repressed wishes.

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14
Q

Manifest Dreams

A

What we experience.

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15
Q

Latent Dream

A

The underlying meaning.

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16
Q

Activation-Synthesis Theory

A
  • Modern alternative to Freud’s explanation of dreams

- Dreams due to cortex’s attempt to make sense of random bran activity

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17
Q

Recuperation Theories

A
  • Sleep is needed to restore homeostasis

- Wakefulness causes a deviation from homeostasis

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18
Q

Adaptation Theories

A
  • Sleep is the result of an internal timing mechanism

- Sleep evolved to protect us from the dangers of the night

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19
Q

Comparative Analysis of Sleep

A
  • All mammals and birds sleep - must have an important function
  • Not necessarily needed in large quantities
  • No clear relationship between species’ sleep time and activity level
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20
Q

Effects of Sleep Deprivation

A
  • The more you are deprived, the more bad effects your going to have
  • Long periods of wakefulness will result in disturbances
  • Disturbances will get worse as deprivation continues
  • After deprivation, much of the missed sleep will be regained
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21
Q

2 Consistent Effects of Sleep Deprivation

A
  • Proceed more rapidly into REM as REM deprivation increases

- REM rebound - more time spent in REM when deprivation is over

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22
Q

Circadium Rhythm

A

“about a day”

-A biological pattern in the body, where different systems in the body shift their function depending on the time of day

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23
Q

Zeitgebers

A

Environmental cues that entrain circadian cycles

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24
Q

Psychoactive Drugs

A

Drugs that influence subjective experience and behavior by acting on the nervous system

25
Q

Drug Administration

A

Route of administration influences the rate at which and the degree to which the drug reaches its site of action

26
Q

Ingestion

A
  • Oral route
  • Easy and relatively safe
  • Absorption via digestive tract is unpredictable
27
Q

Injection

A
  • Bypasses digestive tract
  • Subcutaneously (SC): under the skin
  • Intramuscularly (IM): into large muscles
  • Intravenously (IV): into veins, drug delivered directly to brain
28
Q

Inhalation

A
  • Tobacco and marijuana

- Absorbed through capillaries in lungs and sometimes in the nose (cribiform plate)

29
Q

Absorption through mucous members…

A

-Nose, mouth, rectum

30
Q

Mechanisms of Drug Action

A
  • In order for a psychoactive drug to have an effect, it must get to the brain, it must pass through the blood-brain barrier
  • Action of most drugs is terminated by enzymes in the liver - drug metabolism
  • Small amounts may also be excreted in urine, sweat, feces, breath and mother’s milk
31
Q

Drug Tolerance

A

Decreased sensitivity to a drug as a consequence of exposure to it
-Shift in the dose-response cure to right

32
Q

Cross Tolerance

A

Exposure to one drug can produce tolerance to similar drugs

Ex: alcohol and benzodiazephines

33
Q

Metabolic Drug Tolerence

A

Less drug is getting to the site of action

34
Q

Functional Drug Tolerance

A

Decreased responsiveness at the site of action; fewer receptors; decreased efficiency of binding at receptors; receptors less responsive

35
Q

Drug Withdrawal Effects

A
  • Seen when drug use is terminated
  • Symptoms are the opposite of the drug’s effects
  • Body has made changes to compensate for drug’s presence - functions normally with the drug present
  • Severity varies with drug pattern of use
36
Q

Addicts…

A

are those who continue to use a drug despite its adverse effects on health and social life

-Addiction and physical dependence may occur together or separately

37
Q

Conditional Tolerance and Withdrawal

A
  • Situational specificity of drug tolerance is well documented
  • Addicts are more likely to overdose in unfamiliar surroundings
38
Q

Exteroceptive/ Interoceptive cues

A

associated with drug-taking become conditioned stimuli that elicit conditioned stimuli that elicit conditioned compensatory responses, producing tolerance prior to drug use or withdrawal in the absence of the drug

39
Q

5 Commonly Abused Drugs

A
  • Tobacco
  • Alcohol
  • Marijuana
  • Cocaine
  • Opiates
40
Q

Tobacco

A

Nicotine - major psychoactive ingredient

  • About 70% of those who experiment with smoking become addicted
  • Only about 20% of attempts to stop smoking are successful (most people are going to require trying to quit 5 times)
41
Q

Smoker’s Syndrom

A

Chest pain, labored breathing, wheezing, coughing, increased susceptibility to respiratory infections

42
Q

Long-Term Tobacco Use

A
  • Susceptible to pneumonia, bronchitits, emphysema, lung cancer
  • Quitting smoking by age 40 adds an average of 9 years to lifespan
43
Q

Alcohol

A
  • A depressant
  • Heritability estimate for alcohol addiction is about 55%
  • Metabolic and functional tolerance develops
  • Affects almost every tissue in the body
44
Q

Effects of Chronic Alcohol Consumption

A

Severe withdrawal in 3 phases:

1: 5-6 hours post drinking, tremors, nausea, sweating, vommiting
2: 15-30hrs, convulsive activity
3: 24-48hrs, delirium tremens, may last 3-4 days

  • Korsakoff’s syndrome
  • Cirrhosis
  • Fetal alcohol syndrome (affects children of mothers who were heavy alcohol users during pregnancy)
45
Q

Marijuana

A
  • Cannabis sativa, common hemp plant
  • THC, primary psychoactive constituent, although 80 others are present
  • Endogenous transmitter is anandamide
  • High doses impair short term memory and interfere with tasks involving multiple steps
  • Addiction potential is low
  • Negative effects of long-term use are far less severe than those associated with alcohol and tobacco
46
Q

Adverse Effects of Heavy Marijuana Use

A
  • Respiratory problems, cough, bronchitis, asthma
  • Single large doses can trigger heart attacks in susceptible individuals
  • No evidence that marijuana causes permanent brain damage
  • Possible correlation between marijuana use and schizophrenia, but no causal link has been shown
47
Q

Medicinal Uses of Marijuana

A
  • Treats nausea
  • Blocks seizures
  • Dilates bronchioles of asthmatics
  • Decreases severity of glaucoma
  • Reduces some forms of pain
48
Q

Cocaine and Other Stimulants

A
  • Increase neural and behavioral activity
  • Cocaine and its derivatives are commonly abused
  • Cocaine is an effective local anethetic

Crack - a potent, cheap and smokable form of cocaine

49
Q

Amphetamine

A

“speed”

-Effects like cocaine, can produce psychosis

50
Q

MDMA

A

“ecstasy”

  • Impairs dopaminergic and seratonergic function in animal studies; human relevance unclear
  • Impairs executive function, inhibitory control and decision making
51
Q

Opiates: Heroin and Morphine

A
  • Morphine and codeine obtained from the opium poppy
  • Opiates, these drugs and others with similar structures or effects
  • Medicinal uses, analgesics (pain killers), treatment of cough and diarrhea
  • High risk of addiction
52
Q

Opiate Addiction

A
  • Drawn to use by the rush following IV injection
  • Tolerance and physical dependence develop
  • Desire to avoid withdrawal adds motivation to use
  • Although highly addicative, direct health hazards are relatively minor
53
Q

Treatment for Heroin Addiction

A
  • Methadone binds to opiate receptors
  • Produces less pleasure
  • Administered orally
  • Prevents withdrawal
  • Substituting a less dangerous drug for the abused drug
54
Q

Relapse and Its Causes

A

Stress - drug use as a coping mechanism

Priming - a single exposure leads to a relapse

Environmental cues - conditioned drug tolerance, returning to place where drugs once taken causes conditioned compensatory responses, craving and relapse

55
Q

Brain “Pleasure Centers”

A
  • Brain circuitry exists that reinforces behaviors
  • Many species will work for stimulation of brain “pleasure centers”
  • Discovered by Olds and Milner
  • Drug use may be reinforced by acting on this circuitry
56
Q

Mesotelencephalic Dopamine System

A

-Neurons projecting from two midbrains areas to the telencephalon
2 Pathways:
-Nigrostriatal Pathway - number one source for dopamine in the brain, substantia nigra neurons projecting to dorsal striatum
-Mesocorticolimbic Pathway - Ventral tegmental area neurons projecting to cortical and limbic sites, including the nucleus accumbens (the major reward pathway for ICSS, natural rewards and addictive drugs)

57
Q

Nucleus Accumbens

A

The major “reward” pathway for ICSS, natural rewards, and addictive drugs

-When we take a drug that we like, this is the area of the brain that spikes

58
Q

Mesocorticolimbic Pathway and Reward

A
  • Self stimulation sites that do not contain dopaminergic neurons project here
  • Increase in dopamine release seen here in self-stimulation studies
  • Dopamine agonists tend to increase self-stimulation and antagonists to decrease
  • Lesions here disrupt self-stimulation

Behavioral Neuroscience: Exam 2 (4 decks)

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