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MAYO > BEHAVIORAL NEUROLOGY > Flashcards

BEHAVIORAL NEUROLOGY Flashcards

1
Q

Initial cortical processing of afferent sensory input or
source of primary motor efferents.

Directly connected with association cortices and subcortical modulating nuclei

A

Idiotypic primary cortex (sensory or motor, e.g., primary

visual cortex)

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2
Q

Usually anatomically close to respective primary cortex;

modulates the function of primary cortex

A

Homotypic unimodal association cortex

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3
Q

Directly connected with each other and unimodal association cortices (including the limbic and paralimbic
regions)

A

Homotypic heteromodal (multimodal) association cortex

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4
Q

Two major areas OF Homotypic heteromodal (multimodal) association cortex

1) _________concerned with planning of movements and
executive functions
2) ________________: visuospatial perception and language

A

Anterior heteromodal association area (prefrontal cortex):

Posterior heteromodal association area

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5
Q

What cell type

“Projection neurons” involved in transmitting signals
to other cortical, subcortical, or spinal areas

Located mainly in layers III, V, and VI

The neurotransmitter is glutamate (excitatory

A

Pyramidal cells

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6
Q

What cell type

Star-shaped neurons with dendritic extensions in all
directions

Found in all layers, but most common in layer IV

Are local inhibitory interneurons; use γ-aminobutyric
acid (GABA)

A

Stellate cells

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7
Q

Neocortex (primary, unimodal, and heteromodal areas)
is organized in six layers
1) Layers_______ receive afferents
2) Layer __________projects to spinal cord, brainstem, and basal
ganglia
3) Layer _____ projects to thalamus

A

I to IV

V

VI

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8
Q

Layer I—molecular (plexiform) layer: consists mainly of
local _____ and ______ of pyramidal cells
in deeper layer

A

interneurons and apical dendrites

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9
Q

Layer II—external granular layer
1) _________: axons project to deeper cortical layers
2) ___________: axons project to contralateral cortex
as commissural fibers

A

Stellate cells

Pyramidal cells

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10
Q

Layer III—_________layer: pyramidal cells
with projections to ipsilateral cortices (association fibers)
or contralateral hemisphere (commissural fibers

A

external pyramidal

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11
Q

Layer IV—internal granular layer

1) Consists mainly of ______ cells
2) Receives afferent glutaminergic input from ____
3) Prominent layer in _____

A

stellate

thalamus

primary sensory cortices

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12
Q

__________ layer
1) Pyramidal cells: axons project to basal ganglia, brainstem,
spinal cord, and contralateral cortex (commissural
fibers)
2) Prominent layer in primary motor cortex, which contains
giant pyramidal cells of Betz

A

Layer V—internal pyramidal layer

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13
Q

Layer VI—multiform layer: pyramidal cells with projections

to ____ and _____

A

thalamus and layer IV

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14
Q

Each column is a functional unit of cortex

A

Vertical (columnar) cortical organization

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15
Q

__________connection between different cortices

in same hemisphere

A

Association fibers:

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16
Q

Examples of Association fibers

A

1) U-fibers (short association fibers)
2) Superior longitudinal fasciculus
3) Cingulum (part of the Papez circuit)
4) Inferior longitudinal fasciculus
5) Uncinate fasciculus

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17
Q

__________ connection between the two

cerebral hemispheres

A

Commissural fibers:

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18
Q

Examples of Commisural fibers

A

1) Corpus callosum
2) Anterior commissure
3) Posterior commissure
4) Hippocampal commissure

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19
Q

_______ corticosubcortical fibers

A

Projection fibers:

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20
Q

Premotor areas. What type of cortex?

A

homotypic unimodal cortex

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21
Q

parietopremotor pathways are important in ______

A

goal-directed

movements (reaching and grasping)

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22
Q

Responsible for initiating motor plans in response
to sensory stimuli (e.g., stopping at a red light)

Involved in learning to associate a particular
sensory stimulus with a particular motor movement
(associative learning)

A

Ventral and dorsolateral premotor cortex

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23
Q

Input from ipsilateral parietal lobe and prefrontal
“presupplementary area

Blood flow increases when one is thinking about or planning a movement

A

SMA

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24
Q

Projects to premotor areas involved in motor programs

required for speech production

A

Broca’s area

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25
Q

Important for executive functions, planning, judgment,

problem-solving

A

Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

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26
Q

Responsible for emotional and visceral activities,
social behavior, and inhibition of inappropriate
behavior in a particular social context as well as
judgment

A

Orbitofrontal cortex

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27
Q

Connections of the orbitofrontal cortex

A

Widespread interconnection with limbic system and

basal ganglia

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28
Q

Where is the lesion?

poor executive functions, planning,
judgment, and problem solving

A

Dorsolateral:

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29
Q

Where is the lesion?

disinhibition, impulsive behavior,
poor judgment and insight

A

Orbitofrontal:

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30
Q

Interconnections with limbic system (especially
amygdala)

Important role in initiation, motivation, and goaloriented
behavior

A

Mesial frontal cortex and anterior cingulate cortex

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31
Q

severe impairment of the Mesial frontal cortex and anterior cingulate cortex leads to:

A 
akinetic mutism (no
spontaneous behavior)
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32
Q

Stimulation/epileptic activity of mesial frontal

A

complex motor and gestural automatisms

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33
Q

Sensitive measure of function of prefrontal cortex

The subject is asked to sort the cards according to a
certain perceptual attribute of a visual stimulus

A

Wisconsin Card Sorting Test

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34
Q

occipitoparietal visuospatial pathway responsible for visuomotor tasks

A

Dorsal M pathway:

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35
Q

___________ pseudothalamic syndrome

Syndrome of delayed pain and paresthesias, as may
occur sometimes with thalamic infarcts

A

Lesion of S II at parietal operculum:

36
Q

anomia, alexia, constructional difficulties, acalculia, dysgraphia, finger anomia, right-left disorientation

A

Angular gyrus syndrome (lesion of angular gyrus,

heteromodal cortex)

37
Q

___________optic ataxia, ocular apraxia,

simultanagnosia (bilateral lesions)

A

Balint’s syndrome:

38
Q

amnesia for nonverbal, visuospatial information. Where is the lesion

A

Nondominant hemisphere

39
Q

amnesia for verbal information. Where is the lesion?

A

Dominant hemisphere

40
Q

Difficulty with recognition of songs, primarily
because of disturbance of recognition of different
characteristics of music composition

A

Amusia

41
Q

Left temporal lobe lesions:

A

not true amusia,

patient has difficulty understanding lyrics

42
Q

Ageusia (lack of taste): Where is the lesion?

A

bilateral

lesions of insular cortex

43
Q

lesion for semantic dementia

A

dominant anterior temporal lobe

44
Q

lesion for Prosopagnosia

A

Lesion in posteroinferior temporo-occipital region

45
Q

sensation of familiarity with a previously

unfamiliar experience, place, or event

A

Déjà vu:

46
Q

sensation of familiarity with a
previously unfamiliar auditory experience (e.g.,
sound, music, speech, or narrative)

A

Déjà entendu

47
Q

sensation of unfamiliarity with a

previously familiar experience, place, or event

A

Jamais vu:

48
Q

Recurrence of an image no longer present in visual
field. May occur with posterior temporo-occipital
epileptic focus

A

Palinopsia

49
Q

What layer of the occipital cortex Receives the majority of input from lateral geniculate nucleus

A

Layer IV

50
Q

Projections of the occipital cortex to_____ and ______: responsible for production of saccades
and rapid shifting of gaze to another point in the
visual field in response to a novel stimulus

A

superficial layer of superior colliculus and pulvinar

51
Q

Anomia, alexia, constructional difficulties, acalculia,
dysgraphia, finger anomia, right-left disorientation
± aphasia

A

Angular gyrus syndrome

52
Q

Bilateral medial occipital lobe lesion
Cortical blindness associated with denial of the
deficit, for which the patient is unaware, and
confabulation

A

Anton’s syndrome

53
Q

Lesion involves occipitotemporal pathways
bilaterally, often seen with Alzheimer’s disease
Optic ataxia, ocular apraxia, simultanagnosia

A

Balint’s syndrome

54
Q

Bilateral anterior temporal lobe lesion
Hyperorality and oral exploratory behavior,
altered eating habits, weight gain, emotional
blunting, blunting of response to fear and
aggression, and altered sexual activity (hyposexuality
> hypersexuality

A

Klüver-Bucy syndrome

55
Q

Belief that the strangers are identified by the
patient as familiar
Usually seen in context of dementia

A

Fregoli syndrome

56
Q

Belief that a family member is an imposter
Usually associated with paranoid delusions in
the context of dementia

A

Capgras’ syndrome

57
Q

“Syndrome of approximate answers”; answers
are consistently nearly correct but not correct

Usually seen in context of psychiatric disease
and malingering but may also be seen in
degenerative dementias

A

Ganser syndrome

58
Q

Impaired ability to produce an internal image of

a named object

A

Charcot-Wilbrand syndrome

59
Q

Location of the Visual association areas (peristriate cortices)

A

Located in the peristriate occipital areas (areas 18 and
19) and middle and inferior temporal gyri (areas 20,
21, 37)

60
Q

Dorsal M pathway location

A

Originates in M cells of retina that project to magnocellular portion of lateral geniculate nucleus

61
Q

M pathway carries information on perception of

____________of a particular visual input

A

depth, analysis of motion, and spatial orientation

“where”

62
Q

Ventral P pathway location

A

Originates in P cells in retina that project to parvocellular
portion of lateral geniculate nucleus

63
Q

Function of the Ventral P pathway location

A

Concerned primarily with perception of form and
color; important in recognition of faces and objects
and pattern identification

64
Q

Results of lesions of the Ventral P pathway

A

Aperceptive visual agnosia, Achromatopsia, Color agnosia, Prosopagnosia

65
Q

a. Acquisition of new knowledge and experience and alteration of behavior as a result of the experience
b. In its simplest form, it represents change in response over time to repeated exposure to the same stimulus

A

Learning

66
Q

knowledge that
requires conscious recall and acquisition; requires
fast acquisition and conscious recall

Types are:
Semantic memory
Episodic memory

A

Explicit (declarative) memory

67
Q

knowledge that
does not require conscious recall; acquisition is generally slow

Types are
Procedural memory
Priming

A

Implicit (nondeclarative) memory

68
Q

Knowledge of facts, objects, and abstract concepts
unrelated to events (e.g., geography

requires inferotemporal association areas and other regions outside mesial temporal lobe

A

Semantic

69
Q

Knowledge of past events that have been
encoded and stored with certain associations
established in particular time and place

A

Episodic

70
Q

long-lasting or permanent, relatively
more resistant to dementing illness and cerebral
insult than short-term memory

A

Long term:

71
Q

Knowledge for performing a motor task is
slowly acquired (learned) by repeatedly
performing the same task

Acquisition is slow and incremental, the
knowledge is resistant to forgetfulness by degenerative
conditions

A

Procedural memory

72
Q

Parts of the limbic system

Basal forebrain

A

Septal area
Substantia innominata
Amygdala complex

73
Q

Connections with hippocampus and hypothalamus

has cholinergic projections to hippocampus

A

Septal area

74
Q

Part of Substantia innominata

Cholinergic projections to amygdala and neocortex,

Receives projections from subiculum

A

Nucleus basalis of Meynert

75
Q

connections with hippocampal
formation responsible for attachment and association
of an emotion with a particular memory

A

Amygdala complex

76
Q

Parts of Hippocampus

A

Dentate gyrus
Hippocampus proper
Subicular complex

77
Q

______ is generally resistant to metabolic, vascular
(anoxic), and degenerative insults with few exceptions
(argyrophilic grain disease [Braak’s disease]
selectively affects CA2)

A

CA2

78
Q

Focal damage to ____ and ______ is sufficient to

cause anterograde amnesia

A

CA1 and CA2

79
Q

Parts of the subicular complex

A

a) Consists of the subiculum proper, presubiculum,

and parasubiculum

80
Q

Mediator of acquisition of emotional memory; important
role in emotional responses, particularly ones
involving conditioned

A

Amygdala

81
Q

Responsible for judgment and social behavior and
inhibition of inappropriate behavior in a particular
social context

Part of the pFC

A

Orbitofrontal cortex

82
Q

involved mainly with motivation

Part of the pFC

A

Medial frontal (anterior cingulate cortex)

83
Q

What is “Temporal lobe personality”

A

observed in patients with
temporal lobe epilepsy: hypergraphia, hyperreligiosity,
altered sexual behavior (hyposexuality >
hypersexuality), circumstantiality of speech (with
excessive detail about minute points), euphoria,
sadness, emotionality, and, sometimes, anger and
aggressive behavior

84
Q

Acquired impairment of language processes that may
include disturbance in comprehension and/or formulation
of language symbols (across all modalities, not
only verbal

A

Aphasia

85
Q

amotivational, akinetic state characterized
by poor effort to initiate speech, lesion usually localized
to mesial frontal lobes

A

Akinetic mutism:

86
Q

pure anarthria, no speech output

Usually due to bilateral lesions of the corticobulbar
(upper motor neuron) tract, often from bilateral
capsular infarcts limited to corticobulbar fibers (written
language and verbal comprehension are preserved)

A

Aphemia:

87
Q

often considered
part of Broca’s area rather than independent language area)

Writing is usually abnormal (including copying written
material in these lesions

A

Exner’s area,

MAYO (4 decks)

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