Behavioral Neuroanatomy, Neurotransmission and LGBTQ Flashcards
1
Q
Planning for future action (executive functions)
A
Dorsolateral convexity
2
Q
Decreased motivation, concentration, and attention
Disorientation
Mood disturbances
A
Dorsolateral convexity
3
Q
Control over biological drives
Part of the dopamine-driven “reward” circuit
A
Orbitofrontal cortex
4
Q
Disinhibition and inappropriate behavior
Poor judgment
Lack of inhibition or remorse (“pseudo-psychopathic” behavior)
A
Orbitofrontal cortex
5
Q
Apathy
Decreased spontaneous movement (akinesia)
Gait disturbances
Incontinence
A
Medial cortex
6
Q
Control of movement
A
Medial cortex
7
Q
Memory
Learning
Emotion
Auditory processing
A
Temporal Lobes
8
Q
Impaired memory
Psychomotor seizures
Changes in aggressive behavior
Inability to understand language (i.e., Wernicke’s aphasia [left-side lesions])
A
Temporal Lobes
9
Q
Memory storage
A
Hippocampus
10
Q
Poor new learning (anterograde amnesia)
A
Hippocampus
11
Q
Memory processing
Memory of odors
A
Mammilary bodies
12
Q
Anterograde amnesia
Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome
A
Mammilary bodies
13
Q
Coordination of emotional states, particularly anger and aggression, with somatic responses
A
Amygdala
14
Q
Klüver-Bucy syndrome (decreased aggression, increased sexuality, hyperorality)
Decreased conditioned fear response
Inability to recognize facial and vocal expressions of anger in others
A
Amygdala
15
Q
Somatic sensation and body image
A
Parietal lobes
16
Q
Impaired intelligence
Impaired processing of visual-spatial information, (i.e., cannot copy a simple line drawing or a clock face correctly [right-sided lesions])
Gerstmann’s syndrome (i.e., cannot name fingers, write, tell left from right, or do simple math, and impaired processing of verbal information [left-sided lesions])
A
Parietal Lobes
17
Q
Vision
A
Occipital lobes
18
Q
Visual hallucinations and illusions
Inability to identify camouflaged objects
Blindness
A
Occipital lobes
19
Q
Four major subdivisions of the frontal lobe
A
motor strip and the supplemental motor area, involved in movement;
third, Broca’s area, in language.
fourth subdivision is the prefrontal cortex.
20
Q
Perseveration, engaging in repeated unnecessary behavior and thought, disinhibition, and sudden outbursts of temper, as well as reinstatement of the infantile sucking and rooting reflexes
A
Prefrontal lobe syndrome
21
Q
Schizophrenia and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), both of which are characterized by personality and affective changes, are associated with decreased __________ _______ cortical activity
A
bilateral prefrontal
22
Q
maintaining attention and concentration, and changing problem-solving strategies when needed.
A
Dorsolateral convexity
23
Q
activated in addicts exposed to drug-related cues
A
Orbitofrontal region
24
Q
has connections to the basal ganglia and accessory cortical motor areas and is involved primarily in motor activity
A
Medial region/cortex
25
Lesions of the ____ prefrontal area, both cortical and subcortical, can result in depression
left
26
Lesions of the ___ prefrontal area are more likely to produce manifestations of elevated mood
Right
27
positive mood is associated with activation of the ____ prefrontal cortex
Left
28
Stress is associated with activation of the ___ prefrontal cortex
Right
29
primary functions are to mediate between the hypothalamus and cerebral cortex and to modulate the activity of the autonomic nervous system (ANS)
Limbic lobe/system
30
contains the hippocampus, fornix, amygdala, septum, part of the thalamus, the cingulate gyrus, and related structures
Limbic system or Papez circuit
31
acts on the hypothalamus, which in turn influences endocrine control of emotions through secretion of hormones
Limbic system or Papez circuit
32
What are the components of the basal ganglia?
Striatum (caudate nucleus and putamen)
Pallidum (globus pallidus)
substantia nigra
subthalamic nucleus
33
What is the role of the basal ganglia?
Translates the desire to execute movement into actual movements
34
Parkinson’s symptoms can be produced by overactivity of the ___ or damage to the _________
Striatium; substantia nigra
35
Huntington’s disease can be produced by underactivity of the _____ and shrinkage of the ______
Striatum, caudate nucleus
36
Tourette’s syndrome is associated with damage to the _______
Caudate
37
Hemiballismus or flailing movements can be caused by damage to the _______
Subthalamic nucleus
38
Can result from a left parietal lobe lesion and produce finger agnosia, alexia, agraphia, right left confusion, and acalculia.
Gestmann's syndrome
39
Cognitive or mood issues associated with:
Parkinson's Disease
Huntington's Disease
Tourette's Syndrome
Hemiballismus
Depression
Depression and Dementia
OCD
Mood issues, depression
40
Two types of declarative memory
episodic, semantic
41
Associated Anatomy: Episodic
Temporal lobes (medial), anterior thalamic nuclei, fornix, hippocampus, mammillary bodies, prefrontal cortex
42
Associated Anatomy: Semantic
Inferolateral temporal lobes
43
Two types of nondeclarative memory
Procedural and working
44
Associated Anatomy: Procedural
Cerebellum, basal ganglia, supplementary motor area
45
Associated Anatomy: Working
Prefrontal cortex, language and visual-association areas
46
Aphasia: Broca's
Site of Brain Damage
Speech
Comprehension
Repetition
Site: Left posterior frontal cortex and underlying structures
Speech: nonfluent and effortful
Comprehension: Mostly preserved for single words and simple sentences
Repetition: Impaired
47
Aphasia: Wernicke's
Site of Brain Damage
Speech
Comprehension
Repetition
Site: Left posterior, superior, and middle temporal lobe cortex
Speech: Fluent, abundant, well articulated, and melodic
Comprehension: Impaired
Repetition: Impaired
48
Aphasia: Conduction
Site of Brain Damage
Speech
Comprehension
Repetition
Site: Left superior temporal and supramarginal gyri
Speech: Fluent, some defects with articulation
Comprehension: Intact or largely maintained
Repetition: Impaired
49
Aphasia: Global
Site of Brain Damage
Speech
Comprehension
Repetition
Site: Very large left perisylvian lesion
Speech: scant, nonfluent
Comprehension: impaired
Repetition: Impaired
50
Aphasia: Transcortical motor
Site of Brain Damage
Speech
Comprehension
Repetition
Site: Anterior or superior to broca's area
Speech: Explosive, nonfluent
Comprehension: Intact or largely retained
Repetition: Intact or largely retained
51
Aphasia: Transcortical sensory
Site of Brain Damage
Speech
Comprehension
Repetition
Site: Posterior or inferior to wernicke's area
Speech: scant, fluent
Comprehension: impaired
Repetition: Intact or largely retained
52
When does brain differentiation occur?
When does it occur relative to genital differentiation?
2nd trimester; later
53
In what brain areas are there gender differences?
Hypothalamus, anterior commissure, corpus callosum, and thalamus
54
What are the types of explicit memory
semantic and episodic
55
What are the types of implicit memory?
procedural and working
56
The three major classes of neurotransmitters are
the biogenic amines (monoamines), amino acids, and peptides
57
Biogenic amines and amino acids are synthesized in__________ , whereas peptides are synthesized in __________.
presynaptic terminals; neuronal cell bodies
58
Besides the three major classes, what can also function as neurotransmitters
endocrine hormones and other substances
59
Evidence indicates that not only availability of neurotransmitters can regulate neural responsiveness. What other things can do this? (2)
changes in the number, or affinity (sensitivity) of receptors for specific neurotransmitters (neuronal plasticity)
and the efficiency with which a neurotransmitter signal is changed into a message,
60
When stimulated by neurotransmitters, postsynaptic receptors also may alter the metabolism of neurons by:
what are four examples?
the use of second messengers such as cyclic adenosine and guanosine monophosphate (cAMP, cGMP), lipids like diacylglycerol, and Ca2+
61
also may act as second messengers as well as neurotransmitters
eicosanoid metabolites and gases like nitric oxide
62
Depression
Neurotransmitter (Major Metabolite) Activity Increased (↑) OR DECREASED (↓)
Primary Brain Areas Implicated in Symptom Production
Other Brain Areas Implicated
Norepinephrine (MHPG)(↓), serotonin (5-HIAA) (↓), dopamine (HVA) (↓)
Primary: Left prefrontal cortex
Other: Limbic system
63
Mania
Neurotransmitter (Major Metabolite) Activity Increased (↑) OR DECREASED (↓)
Primary Brain Areas Implicated in Symptom Production
Other Brain Areas Implicated
Dopamine (HVA) (↑),GABA (↓)
Primary: Right prefrontal cortex
Other: Limbic system
64
Psychosis
Neurotransmitter (Major Metabolite) Activity Increased (↑) OR DECREASED (↓)
Primary Brain Areas Implicated in Symptom Production
Other Brain Areas Implicated
Dopamine (HVA) (↑), serotonin (5-HIAA) (↑), glutamate (↑or↓)
Primary: Bilateral prefrontal cortex
Other: Limbic system
65
Anxiety
Neurotransmitter (Major Metabolite) Activity Increased (↑) OR DECREASED (↓)
Primary Brain Areas Implicated in Symptom Production
Other Brain Areas Implicated
GABA (↓), serotonin (5-HIAA) (↓), norepinephrine (MHPG) (↑)
Primary: Locus ceruleus, prefrontal cortex (particularly in OCD)
Other: Right parahippocampal gyrus
66
Dementia
Neurotransmitter (Major Metabolite) Activity Increased (↑) OR DECREASED (↓)
Primary Brain Areas Implicated in Symptom Production
Other Brain Areas Implicated
ACh (↓), glutamate (↑)
Primary Hippocampus
Nucleus basalis of Meynert (ACh production)
67
The biogenic amines, or monoamines, include
catecholamines, indolamines, ethylamines, and quaternary amines
68
monoamine theory of mood disorder
hypothesizes that altered monoamine activity and related changes in monoamine receptors result in abnormalities of mood.
69
involved in the pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease, mood disorders, the conditioned fear response , and the “rewarding” nature of drugs of abuse.
Dopamine
70
NT implicated in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders
Dopamine
71
DA receptor subtype that seems to be the major site of action for traditional antipsychotic agents
D2
72
DA receptor subtypes implicated in the action of the newer, “atypical” antipsychotics such as clozapine
D2, D1, and D4
73
The three major dopaminergic tracts in the brain are:
the nigrostriatal tract, the tuberoinfundibular tract, and the mesolimbic-mesocortical tract
74
Most dopamine-containing fibers arise from the ____________ (which projects to the ______) and the _________________.
substantia nigra (which projects to the striatum) and the ventral tegmental area.
75
involved in the regulation of muscle tone and movement,
its degeneration is seen in Parkinson's disease
nigrostriatal tract
76
Treatment with traditional antipsychotic drugs, which block postsynaptic dopamine receptors receiving input from the __________, can result in ________________
nigrostriatal tract, parkinsonian symptoms
77
Dopamine acts on the ________________ to inhibit the secretion of prolactin from the anterior pituitary
tuberoinfundibular tract
78
Blockade of dopamine receptors by antipsychotic drugs, prevents this inhibition, and ultimately leads to elevated prolactin levels and side effects such as : (3)
breast enlargement, galactorrhea, and sexual dysfunction.
79
Tract associated with the manifestations of psychosis
mesolimbic-mesocortical tract
80
The mesolimbic-mesocortical tract may have a role in expression of emotions because it projects into the ________ and ______
limbic system and prefrontal cortex
81
Hyperactivity of the mesolimbic tract is associated with the _______ symptoms (e.g. ________) of _________
positive symptoms (e.g., hallucinations) of schizophrenia
82
Hypoactivity of the mesolimbic tract is associated with the _______ symptoms (e.g. ________) of _________
negative symptoms (e.g., apathy) of schizophrenia
83
Dopaminergic pathway that becomes activated following use of some drugs of abuse, suggesting that it is involved in the rewarding and addictive nature of these agents
from the ventral tegmental area to the nucleus accumbens
84
NT that plays a role in mood, anxiety, arousal, learning, and memory.
Norepinephrine
85
Like dopaminergic neurons, ________ neurons synthesize dopamine
noradrenergic
86
After synthesis, ________________, present in noradrenergic neurons, converts the dopamine from these neurons to norepinephrine.
dopamine ß-hydroxylase
87
Most noradrenergic neurons are located in nuclei in the ___________; the most important of these is the _________________
upper brainstem; locus ceruleus
88
Most noradrenaline-containing fibers arise from the _________and are distributed __________
from the locus ceruleus and are distributed throughout the CNS.
89
```
What type of NT is (be specific):
Dopamine
GABA
Norepinephrine
Serotonin
Glycine
Ach
Histamine
Glutamate
Endogenous opiods
```
```
Dopamine - catecholamine (monoamine)
GABA - AA
Norepinephrine - catecholamine (monoamine)
Serotonin - indolamine (monoamine)
Glycine - AA
Ach - quarternary amine (monoamine)
Histamine - ethylamine (monoamine)
Glutamate - AA
Endogenous opiods - neuropeptides
```
90
plays a role in mood, sleep, pain sensitivity, appetite, sexuality, and impulse control
Serotonin
91
In the synthesis of serotonin, the amino acid _________ is converted to serotonin (also known as 5-hydroxytryptamine) by the enzyme ______________ as well as by an amino acid _________
tryptophan; tryptophan hydroxylase; decarboxylase
92
Anatomically, most serotonergic cell bodies in the brain are located in the __________ (nucleus) in the _______ and ___________ (2 areas)
dorsal raphe nucleus, upper pons and lower midbrain
93
Most serotonin-containing fibers arise from the ___________ and are distributed ____________
raphe nuclei; throughout the CNS.
94
What positive effects are associated with increased serotonin concentrations?
Negative?
What effects are associated with high concentrations of serotonin?
improved mood and sleep,
negative effects like decreased sexual function (particularly delayed orgasm)
in high concentrations, psychotic symptoms
95
newer antipsychotic medications work on normalizing _______ as well as __________ systems
serotonergic, dopaminergic
96
Decreased availability is associated with depression of mood, poor impulse control, violent behavior, alcoholism, chronic pain syndromes,
Serotonin
97
Decreased availability is associated with sleep disorders, and anxiety disorders like OCD
Serotonin
98
most antidepressant medications currently in use increase the availability of _______ and ______ in the synaptic cleft
serotonin and other biogenic amines
99
NTs involved in behavior and in the troubling side effects of psychoactive medication
ACh, and histamine,
100
Cholinergic neurons synthesize ACh from __________and choline using the enzyme choline acetyltransferase
acetyl coenzyme A, choline acetyltransferase
101
The enzyme AChE breaks ACh down into ____ and ______.
choline and acetate
102
Involved but probably not causal in mood disorders, _______ mechanisms are critical in cognitive functioning
cholinergic
103
Loss of cholinergic neurons results in
cognitive disorders such as Alzheimer's disease.
104
decreased availability of ACh because of decreased production of the synthesizing enzyme choline acetyltransferase results in
cognitive disorders such as Alzheimer's disease.
105
Manifestations of Down's syndrome, movement disorders, and sleep disorders are related to
decreased availability of ACh.
106
Although no pharmacologic treatment has been able to reverse lost function in patients with Alzheimer's disease, blocking the action of_______ with drugs such as donepezil (Aricept), rivastigmine (Exelon), and galantamine (Razadyne) can delay progression of the disease in some patients
AChE
107
_______ ACh receptors play a greater role in behavior and in the side effects of psychoactive agents than ________ ACh receptors
muscarinic, nicotinic
108
Blockade of ______ receptors with drugs, such as ______ and____________, results in the classic anticholinergic side effects
muscarinic, antipsychotics and tricyclic antidepressants
109
dry mouth, blurred vision, urinary hesitancy, and constipation are __________ side effects
anticholinergic (classic)
110
Results in side effects such as sedation and increased appetite leading to weight gain
histamine receptor blockade
111
Drugs that block histamine receptor
antipsychotics and tricyclic antidepressants
112
Class of NTs that are involved in most synapses in the brain
AA NTs
113
principal inhibitory neurotransmitter in the CNS
GABA
114
closely associated with the symptoms of anxiety
GABA
115
GABA formed through the decarboxylation of glutamate by glutamate decarboxylase is removed from the synapse by reuptake and is eliminated by the enzyme ______________
GABA Transaminase
116
The effectiveness of antianxiety agents such as benzodiazepines and barbiturates involves their ability to:
They allow _____ to enter the neuron
increase the affinity of GABA for its binding site, thereby allowing chloride to enter the neuron
117
the primary excitatory neurotransmitter in the CNS
Glutamate
118
NT associated with epilepsy, neurodegenerative illnesses, memory formation, mechanisms of cell death, and schizophrenia.
Glutamate
119
Symptoms of schizophrenia have been linked specifically to alterations in the major glutamate receptor, ________
NMDA
120
Drugs that block _______ receptors induce psychotic symptoms in healthy volunteers
NMDA
121
Receptors involved in learning and memory
NMDA
122
genes linked to the development of schizophrenia are associated with disruption of
the NMDA-receptor pathway
123
Sustained elevation of glutamate activates ______ receptors which results in ____ ions entering the neuron
NMDA; calcium
124
Chronic overexposure to calcium leads to
nerve cell degeneration and death through excitotoxicity.
125
an NMDA receptor _____ which ultimately blocks this influx of calcium, is now approved for the treatment of:
antagonist; alzheimer's disease
126
neurotransmitter found primarily in the spinal cord
excitatory or inhibitory?
Glycine; inhibitory
127
Glycine works: (2)
on it's own and as a regulator of glutamate
128
What are two subtypes of endogenous opiods; what class are endogenous opiods?
enkephalins and endorphins; neuropeptides
129
serve to decrease pain and anxiety, and have a role in addiction and mood
endogenous opioids/enkephalins and endorphins
130
Placebo effects (i.e., subjective responsiveness to inactive pharmacologic agents) may be mediated by the ________and ________ systems
endogenous opioid and dopaminergic systems
131
earlier treatment with an ______-receptor blocker can inhibit placebo effects
opioid
132
What placebo effect has been seen in Parkinson's patients?
placebo-induced release of endogenous dopamine in the striatum
133
recognizes P-Tyr and three aa on the C-terminal side (-PY-X-X-hy-) (hy indicates hydrophobic amino acids)
SH2 domain
134
recognizes the N-terminal side of P-Tyr (-hy-X-N- P-X-PY-).
PTB domain
135
recognizes Pro-rich sequences –
| P-X-X-P-X
SH3 domain
136
recognizes lipids: phosphati-
| dylinositol bi- and triphosphates (PI 3,4P2, PI 3,4,5P3)
PH domain
137
What growth factor is a monomer?
EGF
138
All RTKs control the rate of cell proliferation and growth except
insulin receptor
139
caspase-independent mechanism of cell death; programmed
necroptosis
140
a firm tissue, usually indicating an acute loss of
blood to the region. Cellular detail may be somewhat preserved, as
macrophage recruitment is limited.
Coagulative necrosis
141
a more fluid tissue, produced when the dominant
response is of neutrophils. The contents of neutrophil granules act to
dissolve the tissue. Neural tissue also shows a preference for this.
Liquefactive necrosis
142
balanced response of macrophages,
| neutrophils, and lymphocytes, specific to diseases such as tuberculosis
Caseous necrosis
143
```
when adipose (fat) tissue becomes necrotic, lipids and lipases
dominate the space
```
fat necrosis
144
Necrosis due to immune reactions within the bloodstream
| initiates deposits similar to those produced by blood clotting.
Fibrinoid necrosis
145
necrosis of a chunk of tissue too large to be resolved
either by the immune response or by scarring. It may also involve
a small amount of tissue if that tissue is not accessible to the immune
system. Tissue decomposition proceeds through extra-corporeal
mechanisms.
Gangrenous necrosis
146
Behavioral symptom: anemia
anxiety
147
Behavioral symptom: Cushing's Disease
anxiety, depression, and mania/psychotic sx
148
Behavioral symptom: Hypoglycemia
Anxiety
149
Behavioral symptom:Pulmonary dz
Anxiety
150
Behavioral symptom: Severe blood loss
Anxiety
151
Behavioral symptom: Vitamin/mineral deficiency or toxicity
Anxiety and depression
152
Behavioral symptom: Addison's
Depression
153
Behavioral symptom: hyperparathyroidism
Depression
154
Behavioral symptom: MS
Depression, mania or psychotic sx
155
Behavioral symptom: Parkinson's
Depression
156
Behavioral symptom: Huntington's
Personality changes, mania or psychotic sx
157
Behavioral symptom: Huntington's
Depression, mania or psychotic sx
158
Behavioral symptom: neoplasm
mania or psychotic sx
