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HBM > Behavioral Neuroanatomy, Neurotransmission and LGBTQ > Flashcards

Behavioral Neuroanatomy, Neurotransmission and LGBTQ Flashcards

1
Q

Planning for future action (executive functions)

A

Dorsolateral convexity

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2
Q

Decreased motivation, concentration, and attention

Disorientation

Mood disturbances

A

Dorsolateral convexity

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3
Q

Control over biological drives

Part of the dopamine-driven “reward” circuit

A

Orbitofrontal cortex

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4
Q

Disinhibition and inappropriate behavior

Poor judgment

Lack of inhibition or remorse (“pseudo-psychopathic” behavior)

A

Orbitofrontal cortex

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5
Q

Apathy

Decreased spontaneous movement (akinesia)

Gait disturbances

Incontinence

A

Medial cortex

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6
Q

Control of movement

A

Medial cortex

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7
Q

Memory

Learning

Emotion

Auditory processing

A

Temporal Lobes

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8
Q

Impaired memory

Psychomotor seizures

Changes in aggressive behavior

Inability to understand language (i.e., Wernicke’s aphasia [left-side lesions])

A

Temporal Lobes

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9
Q

Memory storage

A

Hippocampus

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10
Q

Poor new learning (anterograde amnesia)

A

Hippocampus

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11
Q

Memory processing

Memory of odors

A

Mammilary bodies

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12
Q

Anterograde amnesia

Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome

A

Mammilary bodies

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13
Q

Coordination of emotional states, particularly anger and aggression, with somatic responses

A

Amygdala

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14
Q

Klüver-Bucy syndrome (decreased aggression, increased sexuality, hyperorality)

Decreased conditioned fear response

Inability to recognize facial and vocal expressions of anger in others

A

Amygdala

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15
Q

Somatic sensation and body image

A

Parietal lobes

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16
Q

Impaired intelligence

Impaired processing of visual-spatial information, (i.e., cannot copy a simple line drawing or a clock face correctly [right-sided lesions])

Gerstmann’s syndrome (i.e., cannot name fingers, write, tell left from right, or do simple math, and impaired processing of verbal information [left-sided lesions])

A

Parietal Lobes

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17
Q

Vision

A

Occipital lobes

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18
Q

Visual hallucinations and illusions

Inability to identify camouflaged objects

Blindness

A

Occipital lobes

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19
Q

Four major subdivisions of the frontal lobe

A

motor strip and the supplemental motor area, involved in movement;

third, Broca’s area, in language.

fourth subdivision is the prefrontal cortex.

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20
Q

Perseveration, engaging in repeated unnecessary behavior and thought, disinhibition, and sudden outbursts of temper, as well as reinstatement of the infantile sucking and rooting reflexes

A

Prefrontal lobe syndrome

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21
Q

Schizophrenia and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), both of which are characterized by personality and affective changes, are associated with decreased __________ _______ cortical activity

A

bilateral prefrontal

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22
Q

maintaining attention and concentration, and changing problem-solving strategies when needed.

A

Dorsolateral convexity

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23
Q

activated in addicts exposed to drug-related cues

A

Orbitofrontal region

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24
Q

has connections to the basal ganglia and accessory cortical motor areas and is involved primarily in motor activity

A

Medial region/cortex

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25
Q

Lesions of the ____ prefrontal area, both cortical and subcortical, can result in depression

A

left

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26
Q

Lesions of the ___ prefrontal area are more likely to produce manifestations of elevated mood

A

Right

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27
Q

positive mood is associated with activation of the ____ prefrontal cortex

A

Left

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28
Q

Stress is associated with activation of the ___ prefrontal cortex

A

Right

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29
Q

primary functions are to mediate between the hypothalamus and cerebral cortex and to modulate the activity of the autonomic nervous system (ANS)

A

Limbic lobe/system

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30
Q

contains the hippocampus, fornix, amygdala, septum, part of the thalamus, the cingulate gyrus, and related structures

A

Limbic system or Papez circuit

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31
Q

acts on the hypothalamus, which in turn influences endocrine control of emotions through secretion of hormones

A

Limbic system or Papez circuit

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32
Q

What are the components of the basal ganglia?

A

Striatum (caudate nucleus and putamen)
Pallidum (globus pallidus)
substantia nigra
subthalamic nucleus

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33
Q

What is the role of the basal ganglia?

A

Translates the desire to execute movement into actual movements

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34
Q

Parkinson’s symptoms can be produced by overactivity of the ___ or damage to the _________

A

Striatium; substantia nigra

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35
Q

Huntington’s disease can be produced by underactivity of the _____ and shrinkage of the ______

A

Striatum, caudate nucleus

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36
Q

Tourette’s syndrome is associated with damage to the _______

A

Caudate

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37
Q

Hemiballismus or flailing movements can be caused by damage to the _______

A

Subthalamic nucleus

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38
Q

Can result from a left parietal lobe lesion and produce finger agnosia, alexia, agraphia, right left confusion, and acalculia.

A

Gestmann’s syndrome

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39
Q

Cognitive or mood issues associated with:

Parkinson’s Disease
Huntington’s Disease
Tourette’s Syndrome
Hemiballismus

A

Depression
Depression and Dementia
OCD
Mood issues, depression

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40
Q

Two types of declarative memory

A

episodic, semantic

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41
Q

Associated Anatomy: Episodic

A

Temporal lobes (medial), anterior thalamic nuclei, fornix, hippocampus, mammillary bodies, prefrontal cortex

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42
Q

Associated Anatomy: Semantic

A

Inferolateral temporal lobes

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43
Q

Two types of nondeclarative memory

A

Procedural and working

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44
Q

Associated Anatomy: Procedural

A

Cerebellum, basal ganglia, supplementary motor area

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45
Q

Associated Anatomy: Working

A

Prefrontal cortex, language and visual-association areas

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46
Q

Aphasia: Broca’s

Site of Brain Damage
Speech
Comprehension
Repetition

A

Site: Left posterior frontal cortex and underlying structures

Speech: nonfluent and effortful

Comprehension: Mostly preserved for single words and simple sentences

Repetition: Impaired

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47
Q

Aphasia: Wernicke’s

Site of Brain Damage
Speech
Comprehension
Repetition

A

Site: Left posterior, superior, and middle temporal lobe cortex

Speech: Fluent, abundant, well articulated, and melodic

Comprehension: Impaired

Repetition: Impaired

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48
Q

Aphasia: Conduction

Site of Brain Damage
Speech
Comprehension
Repetition

A

Site: Left superior temporal and supramarginal gyri

Speech: Fluent, some defects with articulation

Comprehension: Intact or largely maintained

Repetition: Impaired

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49
Q

Aphasia: Global

Site of Brain Damage
Speech
Comprehension
Repetition

A

Site: Very large left perisylvian lesion

Speech: scant, nonfluent

Comprehension: impaired

Repetition: Impaired

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50
Q

Aphasia: Transcortical motor

Site of Brain Damage
Speech
Comprehension
Repetition

A

Site: Anterior or superior to broca’s area

Speech: Explosive, nonfluent

Comprehension: Intact or largely retained

Repetition: Intact or largely retained

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51
Q

Aphasia: Transcortical sensory

Site of Brain Damage
Speech
Comprehension
Repetition

A

Site: Posterior or inferior to wernicke’s area

Speech: scant, fluent

Comprehension: impaired

Repetition: Intact or largely retained

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52
Q

When does brain differentiation occur?

When does it occur relative to genital differentiation?

A

2nd trimester; later

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53
Q

In what brain areas are there gender differences?

A

Hypothalamus, anterior commissure, corpus callosum, and thalamus

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54
Q

What are the types of explicit memory

A

semantic and episodic

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55
Q

What are the types of implicit memory?

A

procedural and working

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56
Q

The three major classes of neurotransmitters are

A

the biogenic amines (monoamines), amino acids, and peptides

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57
Q

Biogenic amines and amino acids are synthesized in__________ , whereas peptides are synthesized in __________.

A

presynaptic terminals; neuronal cell bodies

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58
Q

Besides the three major classes, what can also function as neurotransmitters

A

endocrine hormones and other substances

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59
Q

Evidence indicates that not only availability of neurotransmitters can regulate neural responsiveness. What other things can do this? (2)

A

changes in the number, or affinity (sensitivity) of receptors for specific neurotransmitters (neuronal plasticity)

and the efficiency with which a neurotransmitter signal is changed into a message,

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60
Q

When stimulated by neurotransmitters, postsynaptic receptors also may alter the metabolism of neurons by:

what are four examples?

A

the use of second messengers such as cyclic adenosine and guanosine monophosphate (cAMP, cGMP), lipids like diacylglycerol, and Ca2+

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61
Q

also may act as second messengers as well as neurotransmitters

A

eicosanoid metabolites and gases like nitric oxide

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62
Q

Depression

Neurotransmitter (Major Metabolite) Activity Increased (↑) OR DECREASED (↓)

Primary Brain Areas Implicated in Symptom Production

Other Brain Areas Implicated

A

Norepinephrine (MHPG)(↓), serotonin (5-HIAA) (↓), dopamine (HVA) (↓)

Primary: Left prefrontal cortex

Other: Limbic system

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63
Q

Mania

Neurotransmitter (Major Metabolite) Activity Increased (↑) OR DECREASED (↓)

Primary Brain Areas Implicated in Symptom Production

Other Brain Areas Implicated

A

Dopamine (HVA) (↑),GABA (↓)

Primary: Right prefrontal cortex

Other: Limbic system

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64
Q

Psychosis

Neurotransmitter (Major Metabolite) Activity Increased (↑) OR DECREASED (↓)

Primary Brain Areas Implicated in Symptom Production

Other Brain Areas Implicated

A

Dopamine (HVA) (↑), serotonin (5-HIAA) (↑), glutamate (↑or↓)

Primary: Bilateral prefrontal cortex

Other: Limbic system

65
Q

Anxiety

Neurotransmitter (Major Metabolite) Activity Increased (↑) OR DECREASED (↓)

Primary Brain Areas Implicated in Symptom Production

Other Brain Areas Implicated

A

GABA (↓), serotonin (5-HIAA) (↓), norepinephrine (MHPG) (↑)

Primary: Locus ceruleus, prefrontal cortex (particularly in OCD)

Other: Right parahippocampal gyrus

66
Q

Dementia

Neurotransmitter (Major Metabolite) Activity Increased (↑) OR DECREASED (↓)

Primary Brain Areas Implicated in Symptom Production

Other Brain Areas Implicated

A

ACh (↓), glutamate (↑)

Primary Hippocampus

Nucleus basalis of Meynert (ACh production)

67
Q

The biogenic amines, or monoamines, include

A

catecholamines, indolamines, ethylamines, and quaternary amines

68
Q

monoamine theory of mood disorder

A

hypothesizes that altered monoamine activity and related changes in monoamine receptors result in abnormalities of mood.

69
Q

involved in the pathophysiology of Parkinson’s disease, mood disorders, the conditioned fear response , and the “rewarding” nature of drugs of abuse.

A

Dopamine

70
Q

NT implicated in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders

A

Dopamine

71
Q

DA receptor subtype that seems to be the major site of action for traditional antipsychotic agents

A

D2

72
Q

DA receptor subtypes implicated in the action of the newer, “atypical” antipsychotics such as clozapine

A

D2, D1, and D4

73
Q

The three major dopaminergic tracts in the brain are:

A

the nigrostriatal tract, the tuberoinfundibular tract, and the mesolimbic-mesocortical tract

74
Q

Most dopamine-containing fibers arise from the ____________ (which projects to the ______) and the _________________.

A

substantia nigra (which projects to the striatum) and the ventral tegmental area.

75
Q

involved in the regulation of muscle tone and movement,

its degeneration is seen in Parkinson’s disease

A

nigrostriatal tract

76
Q

Treatment with traditional antipsychotic drugs, which block postsynaptic dopamine receptors receiving input from the __________, can result in ________________

A

nigrostriatal tract, parkinsonian symptoms

77
Q

Dopamine acts on the ________________ to inhibit the secretion of prolactin from the anterior pituitary

A

tuberoinfundibular tract

78
Q

Blockade of dopamine receptors by antipsychotic drugs, prevents this inhibition, and ultimately leads to elevated prolactin levels and side effects such as : (3)

A

breast enlargement, galactorrhea, and sexual dysfunction.

79
Q

Tract associated with the manifestations of psychosis

A

mesolimbic-mesocortical tract

80
Q

The mesolimbic-mesocortical tract may have a role in expression of emotions because it projects into the ________ and ______

A

limbic system and prefrontal cortex

81
Q

Hyperactivity of the mesolimbic tract is associated with the _______ symptoms (e.g. ________) of _________

A

positive symptoms (e.g., hallucinations) of schizophrenia

82
Q

Hypoactivity of the mesolimbic tract is associated with the _______ symptoms (e.g. ________) of _________

A

negative symptoms (e.g., apathy) of schizophrenia

83
Q

Dopaminergic pathway that becomes activated following use of some drugs of abuse, suggesting that it is involved in the rewarding and addictive nature of these agents

A

from the ventral tegmental area to the nucleus accumbens

84
Q

NT that plays a role in mood, anxiety, arousal, learning, and memory.

A

Norepinephrine

85
Q

Like dopaminergic neurons, ________ neurons synthesize dopamine

A

noradrenergic

86
Q

After synthesis, ________________, present in noradrenergic neurons, converts the dopamine from these neurons to norepinephrine.

A

dopamine ß-hydroxylase

87
Q

Most noradrenergic neurons are located in nuclei in the ___________; the most important of these is the _________________

A

upper brainstem; locus ceruleus

88
Q

Most noradrenaline-containing fibers arise from the _________and are distributed __________

A

from the locus ceruleus and are distributed throughout the CNS.

89
Q 
What type of NT is (be specific): 
Dopamine
GABA
Norepinephrine
Serotonin
Glycine
Ach
Histamine
Glutamate
Endogenous opiods
A 
Dopamine - catecholamine (monoamine)
GABA - AA
Norepinephrine - catecholamine (monoamine)
Serotonin - indolamine (monoamine)
Glycine - AA
Ach - quarternary amine (monoamine)
Histamine - ethylamine (monoamine)
Glutamate - AA
Endogenous opiods - neuropeptides
90
Q

plays a role in mood, sleep, pain sensitivity, appetite, sexuality, and impulse control

A

Serotonin

91
Q

In the synthesis of serotonin, the amino acid _________ is converted to serotonin (also known as 5-hydroxytryptamine) by the enzyme ______________ as well as by an amino acid _________

A

tryptophan; tryptophan hydroxylase; decarboxylase

92
Q

Anatomically, most serotonergic cell bodies in the brain are located in the __________ (nucleus) in the _______ and ___________ (2 areas)

A

dorsal raphe nucleus, upper pons and lower midbrain

93
Q

Most serotonin-containing fibers arise from the ___________ and are distributed ____________

A

raphe nuclei; throughout the CNS.

94
Q

What positive effects are associated with increased serotonin concentrations?
Negative?

What effects are associated with high concentrations of serotonin?

A

improved mood and sleep,

negative effects like decreased sexual function (particularly delayed orgasm)

in high concentrations, psychotic symptoms

95
Q

newer antipsychotic medications work on normalizing _______ as well as __________ systems

A

serotonergic, dopaminergic

96
Q

Decreased availability is associated with depression of mood, poor impulse control, violent behavior, alcoholism, chronic pain syndromes,

A

Serotonin

97
Q

Decreased availability is associated with sleep disorders, and anxiety disorders like OCD

A

Serotonin

98
Q

most antidepressant medications currently in use increase the availability of _______ and ______ in the synaptic cleft

A

serotonin and other biogenic amines

99
Q

NTs involved in behavior and in the troubling side effects of psychoactive medication

A

ACh, and histamine,

100
Q

Cholinergic neurons synthesize ACh from __________and choline using the enzyme choline acetyltransferase

A

acetyl coenzyme A, choline acetyltransferase

101
Q

The enzyme AChE breaks ACh down into ____ and ______.

A

choline and acetate

102
Q

Involved but probably not causal in mood disorders, _______ mechanisms are critical in cognitive functioning

A

cholinergic

103
Q

Loss of cholinergic neurons results in

A

cognitive disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease.

104
Q

decreased availability of ACh because of decreased production of the synthesizing enzyme choline acetyltransferase results in

A

cognitive disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease.

105
Q

Manifestations of Down’s syndrome, movement disorders, and sleep disorders are related to

A

decreased availability of ACh.

106
Q

Although no pharmacologic treatment has been able to reverse lost function in patients with Alzheimer’s disease, blocking the action of_______ with drugs such as donepezil (Aricept), rivastigmine (Exelon), and galantamine (Razadyne) can delay progression of the disease in some patients

A

AChE

107
Q

_______ ACh receptors play a greater role in behavior and in the side effects of psychoactive agents than ________ ACh receptors

A

muscarinic, nicotinic

108
Q

Blockade of ______ receptors with drugs, such as ______ and____________, results in the classic anticholinergic side effects

A

muscarinic, antipsychotics and tricyclic antidepressants

109
Q

dry mouth, blurred vision, urinary hesitancy, and constipation are __________ side effects

A

anticholinergic (classic)

110
Q

Results in side effects such as sedation and increased appetite leading to weight gain

A

histamine receptor blockade

111
Q

Drugs that block histamine receptor

A

antipsychotics and tricyclic antidepressants

112
Q

Class of NTs that are involved in most synapses in the brain

A

AA NTs

113
Q

principal inhibitory neurotransmitter in the CNS

A

GABA

114
Q

closely associated with the symptoms of anxiety

A

GABA

115
Q

GABA formed through the decarboxylation of glutamate by glutamate decarboxylase is removed from the synapse by reuptake and is eliminated by the enzyme ______________

A

GABA Transaminase

116
Q

The effectiveness of antianxiety agents such as benzodiazepines and barbiturates involves their ability to:

They allow _____ to enter the neuron

A

increase the affinity of GABA for its binding site, thereby allowing chloride to enter the neuron

117
Q

the primary excitatory neurotransmitter in the CNS

A

Glutamate

118
Q

NT associated with epilepsy, neurodegenerative illnesses, memory formation, mechanisms of cell death, and schizophrenia.

A

Glutamate

119
Q

Symptoms of schizophrenia have been linked specifically to alterations in the major glutamate receptor, ________

A

NMDA

120
Q

Drugs that block _______ receptors induce psychotic symptoms in healthy volunteers

A

NMDA

121
Q

Receptors involved in learning and memory

A

NMDA

122
Q

genes linked to the development of schizophrenia are associated with disruption of

A

the NMDA-receptor pathway

123
Q

Sustained elevation of glutamate activates ______ receptors which results in ____ ions entering the neuron

A

NMDA; calcium

124
Q

Chronic overexposure to calcium leads to

A

nerve cell degeneration and death through excitotoxicity.

125
Q

an NMDA receptor _____ which ultimately blocks this influx of calcium, is now approved for the treatment of:

A

antagonist; alzheimer’s disease

126
Q

neurotransmitter found primarily in the spinal cord

excitatory or inhibitory?

A

Glycine; inhibitory

127
Q

Glycine works: (2)

A

on it’s own and as a regulator of glutamate

128
Q

What are two subtypes of endogenous opiods; what class are endogenous opiods?

A

enkephalins and endorphins; neuropeptides

129
Q

serve to decrease pain and anxiety, and have a role in addiction and mood

A

endogenous opioids/enkephalins and endorphins

130
Q

Placebo effects (i.e., subjective responsiveness to inactive pharmacologic agents) may be mediated by the ________and ________ systems

A

endogenous opioid and dopaminergic systems

131
Q

earlier treatment with an ______-receptor blocker can inhibit placebo effects

A

opioid

132
Q

What placebo effect has been seen in Parkinson’s patients?

A

placebo-induced release of endogenous dopamine in the striatum

133
Q

recognizes P-Tyr and three aa on the C-terminal side (-PY-X-X-hy-) (hy indicates hydrophobic amino acids)

A

SH2 domain

134
Q

recognizes the N-terminal side of P-Tyr (-hy-X-N- P-X-PY-).

A

PTB domain

135
Q

recognizes Pro-rich sequences –

P-X-X-P-X

A

SH3 domain

136
Q

recognizes lipids: phosphati-

dylinositol bi- and triphosphates (PI 3,4P2, PI 3,4,5P3)

A

PH domain

137
Q

What growth factor is a monomer?

A

EGF

138
Q

All RTKs control the rate of cell proliferation and growth except

A

insulin receptor

139
Q

caspase-independent mechanism of cell death; programmed

A

necroptosis

140
Q

a firm tissue, usually indicating an acute loss of
blood to the region. Cellular detail may be somewhat preserved, as
macrophage recruitment is limited.

A

Coagulative necrosis

141
Q

a more fluid tissue, produced when the dominant
response is of neutrophils. The contents of neutrophil granules act to
dissolve the tissue. Neural tissue also shows a preference for this.

A

Liquefactive necrosis

142
Q

balanced response of macrophages,

neutrophils, and lymphocytes, specific to diseases such as tuberculosis

A

Caseous necrosis

143
Q 
when adipose (fat) tissue becomes necrotic, lipids and lipases
dominate the space
A

fat necrosis

144
Q

Necrosis due to immune reactions within the bloodstream

initiates deposits similar to those produced by blood clotting.

A

Fibrinoid necrosis

145
Q

necrosis of a chunk of tissue too large to be resolved
either by the immune response or by scarring. It may also involve
a small amount of tissue if that tissue is not accessible to the immune
system. Tissue decomposition proceeds through extra-corporeal
mechanisms.

A

Gangrenous necrosis

146
Q

Behavioral symptom: anemia

A

anxiety

147
Q

Behavioral symptom: Cushing’s Disease

A

anxiety, depression, and mania/psychotic sx

148
Q

Behavioral symptom: Hypoglycemia

A

Anxiety

149
Q

Behavioral symptom:Pulmonary dz

A

Anxiety

150
Q

Behavioral symptom: Severe blood loss

A

Anxiety

151
Q

Behavioral symptom: Vitamin/mineral deficiency or toxicity

A

Anxiety and depression

152
Q

Behavioral symptom: Addison’s

A

Depression

153
Q

Behavioral symptom: hyperparathyroidism

A

Depression

154
Q

Behavioral symptom: MS

A

Depression, mania or psychotic sx

155
Q

Behavioral symptom: Parkinson’s

A

Depression

156
Q

Behavioral symptom: Huntington’s

A

Personality changes, mania or psychotic sx

157
Q

Behavioral symptom: Huntington’s

A

Depression, mania or psychotic sx

158
Q

Behavioral symptom: neoplasm

A

mania or psychotic sx

HBM (1 decks)

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