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Junior Year- Mac- Fall 2024 > Behavioral Neuro Test 1 > Flashcards

Behavioral Neuro Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

blood brain barrier

A

a type of physical protection that also leads to chemical protection. It is tightly packed cells of blood vessels and it ends up also protecting entry of many molecules

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2
Q

what are the 3 physical protections of the brain?

A

skull, meninges, and cereboralspinal fluid

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3
Q

what is circle of willis

A

an arrangesment of arteries that supply blood to the brain. the circle of willis is in the center (sort of like a roundabout)

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4
Q

what does circle of willis do?

A

it creates collaterals in cerebral circulation. if a part of the circle is blocked, blood from other vessels are still able to reach the route. its like a backup route.

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5
Q

what are neurons

A

special cells for reception, conduction and transmission of electrochemical signals. can come in many shapes and sizes

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6
Q

channel protein of the cell membrane

A

ionotripic receptor

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7
Q

signal protein of cell membrane

A

metabotropic receptor

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8
Q

how are neurons classified?

A

by the number of processes coming off of them

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9
Q

glial cells do what

A

support neurons and they communicate with each other and other neurons

this is a new find! very cool!

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10
Q

5 classes of glial cells

A
  1. oligondendrocyte
  2. schwann cells
  3. microglia
  4. astrocytes
  5. ependymal cells
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11
Q

oligondendrocytes

A

they are rich in myelin and create the myelin sheaths in the CNS

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12
Q

schwann cells

A

they are rich in myelin and create myelin in PNS. So same as oligondendrocytes, but in the PNS

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13
Q

microglia

A

they are involved in the response to injury or diseases

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14
Q

astrocytes

A

these are the largest glia. they are star shaped and help with support, contact in neurons, blood vessels, etc)

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15
Q

ependymal cells

A

they line the walls of the ventricles and produce cereboralspinal fluid

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16
Q

gray matter in spinal cord

A

found on the inner areas. they are mainly cell bodies

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17
Q

white matter in spinal cord

A

they are on the outer area, they are mainly made of myelinated axons

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18
Q

dorsal side of spinal cord

A

the dorsal side in afferent and sensory

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19
Q

ventral side of spinal cord

A

this side is efferent and motor

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20
Q

what are the major DIVISIONS of the brain

A

forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain

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21
Q

forebrain is made up of what

A
  • telencephalon
  • diencephalon
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22
Q

midbrain is made up of what

A

mesencephalon (another name for midbrain)

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23
Q

hindbrain is made up of what

A
  • metencephalon
  • myelencephalon
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24
Q

myelencephalon

A

This is the medulla, specifically.
* it has tracts that carry signals
* the orgin of the recitcular formation is based here
* it regulates many things such as cardiac, circulatory, repiratory and other functions that keep you alive
* the rahe nuclei is located here

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25
Q

raphe nuclei

A

located in myelencepahalon. this is where serotonin producing neurons begin

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26
Q

recticular formation path

A

starts in medulla (myelencephalon) and continues up to metencephalon and mesenecephalon)

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27
Q

metencephalon

A

this is the pons and cerebellum
* has MANYY tracts

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28
Q

pons

A

the “switchboard” of the brain. connects cerebral cortex to cerebellum. it regulates REM sleep, posture, etc.

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29
Q

cerebellum

A

this regulates coordination, sensormotor control, memory for motor response (i.e. eyeblinking and other simple motor memories)

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30
Q

mesencephalon

A

the midbrain
* made up of tectum and tegmentum

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31
Q

tectum

A

the dorsal area of midbrain. the superior and inferior colliculi are here.

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32
Q

superior colliculi function

A

eye: visual-motor processing, controlling eye movement, gaze, etc)

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33
Q

inferior colliculi

A

located in dorsal area of tectum. auditory and locating sound spatially

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34
Q

tegmentum (plus main things located there)

A

the mid and ventral areas of the midbrain
* recticular formation
* tracts of passage
* preiaquedicutal gray
* substantia niagra
* central temental area (VTA)
* and red nucelus

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35
Q

periaqueductal gray

A

located in tegmentum. tells us a LOT about behaviour in an animal.
* pain modulation (opioid receptors are here)
* defensive behaviors (also freezing)
* female sexual behavior (lordosis is a way to show sexual receptiveness)

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36
Q

substantia nigra

A

located in tegmentum
* sensorimotor movements
* dopomingeric neurons
* associative learning
* reward

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36
Q

ventral tegmental area

A

located in tegmentum
* associative learning
* reward

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37
Q

red nucleus

A

located in tegmentum
* motor control
* limb movement

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38
Q

dicencephalon

A

thalamus and hypothalamus

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39
Q

thalamus

A

this has lots of different nuclei and cortical projections and functions including…
* sensory relay nuclei
* and other cognitive functions

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40
Q

list all the sensory relay nuclei

A
  1. lateral geniculate nuclei
  2. medial geniculate nuclei
  3. ventral posterior nuclei
  4. parvicellular protion of centroposteromedial nuclei
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41
Q

lateral geniculate nuclei (LGN)

A

focused on visual

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42
Q

medial geniculate nuclei(MGN)

A

auditory

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43
Q

ventral posterior nuclei

A

somatosensory system

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44
Q

parvicellular portion of centroposeromedial nuceli (VPMpc)

A

gustatory (taste)

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45
Q

cognitive/integrative functions of thalamus

A

mediodorsal nucleus projects to the frontal cortex. this can help with some decision making.

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46
Q

hypothalamus functions

A
  • regulation of motivated behaviors (ie sleeping, eating, sex, etc)
  • temp regulation and circadian cycles
  • regulates reclose of hormones from pituitary glands
  • sexually dimorphic nuclei (medial preoptic area) and is bigger in males than female brains
  • anatomically mammilary bodies are also here
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47
Q

mammilary bodies

A

certain types of memories

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48
Q

subregions of hypothalamus

A
  • lateral
  • ventromedial
  • medial preoptic area
  • paraventicular
  • suprachiasmatic nucleus
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49
Q

lateral hypothalamus

A

orexin- feeding and sleeping/arousal

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50
Q

ventromedial hypothalamus

A

feeding, female sexual behaviour, fear, defensive emtional

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51
Q

medial preoptic area of hypothamalus

A

male sexual behaviors

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52
Q

paraventricular area of hypothalamus

A

stress and pitutary hormone

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53
Q

suprachiasmatic neuclus of hypothalamus

A

circadian rythms

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54
Q

telencephalon

A

the cerebral cortex.
* convolutions
* longitudinal fissure
* corpus callosum

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55
Q

convolutions in the brain

A

serve to increase surface area

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56
Q

gyrocephalic brain

A

has many convolutions

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57
Q

lissencephalic brain

A

has no convolutions

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58
Q

longitudinal fissure

A

groove that separates the hemispheres

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59
Q

corpus callosum

A

the largest cerebral commissure

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60
Q

list all the commissures of the brain

A
  1. corpus callosum (largest)
  2. anterior commissure
  3. posterior commissure
  4. hippocampal commissure (the commissure of the fornix,, its reward based)
  5. habenular commissure (proccessing of adverse events. bad things or lack of rewards)
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61
Q

what are all the cerebral lobes

A
  1. frontal
  2. parietal
  3. temporal
  4. occipital
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62
Q

frontal lobe

A
  • posterior area- motor and broccas area (speech + language productions)
  • anterior area- cogntiive/executive functions
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63
Q

parietal lobe

A
  1. somatosensory
  2. proprioception(being aware where you are in space)
  3. attention
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64
Q

temporal lobe (3 parts)

A
  1. medial
  2. inferior
  3. superior
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65
Q

medial temporal

A

certain memories

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66
Q

inferior temporal

A

identification of complex visual patterns

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67
Q

superior temporal

A

hearing + language + spoken speech comprehension (wernickes area)

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68
Q

occipital lobe

A

vision

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69
Q

neocortex

A

6 layers of cells. This is about 90% of the human cerebral cortex

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70
Q

allocortex

A

3 layers of cells- evolutionarily the orlder areas. hippocampus is allocortex

71
Q

neocortical organization

A

functional columns. neurons within a given column share functional properties. ie respond to visual stimular with similar oritneted edges. cells of the columns have specific preferences.
somatosensory system resoonds to specific types of touch

72
Q

subcortical stuctures

A
  1. limbic system
  2. basal ganglia system
73
Q

limbic system

A

regulation of motivated behavior. mammillary bodies, hippocampus, amygdala, forix, cingulate cortex, septum

74
Q

basal ganglia system

A

performance of coluntary motor responces and certain kinds of decision making.
* amygdala
* dorsal stiatum
* globus palllidus
* nucleus accumbends
* substantia niagra
* subthalamic nucleus

75
Q

dorsal stiatum is made up of what

A

caudate nuclues and putamen

76
Q

anatomy of diffuse modulatory systems

A

each system has a small set of neurons at the core. neurons of these arise from the central core (mainly brain stem) and each one can inluence many (i.e. axon may contact more than 100,000 postynaptic neurons)

77
Q

noreprinephrine

A

NE
* orgin: locus coerulus (in pons)
* sends to: cerebral cortex, thalamus, hypothalamus, olfactory bulb, cerebellum, midbrain + spinal cord
* purpose- attention, arrounsal, sleep-wake, mood, pain, anxiety + some memory and learning

78
Q

dopamine

A

DA
* orgin 1: substantia nigagra (midbrain) aka nigrostaital system
* sends to: dorsal stiatum
* purpose: initiation of voluntary movements (parkinsons disease happens with shrotage of DA)

  • orgin 2: ventral tegmental area (midbrain) aka mesocorticolimbic system
  • sends to: frontal cortex, ventral stiatum (nucleus accumbens) and other limbic systems
  • purpose: associative earning, reward, motivation, addiction, cognitice control, motivation, emotion
79
Q

serotonin

A

5-HT
all in raphe nuclei (pons, medulla, midbrain)
* orgin 1: medulla
* projects to: spinal cord
* pain related sensory signals

  • orgin 2: pons and midbrain
  • projects to: cerebral cortex, thalamus, hypothalamus, bsala ganglia, cerebellum
  • purpose: arousal, wakefulness, sleep wake, sleep states, mood, emotional behaviour
80
Q

Acetylcholine

A

ACH
* orgin : places in basal forebrain
* suborgin 1: medial septal nuclus
* to: cholinergic innervation of hoopocamus
* suborgin 2: nuclus basalis of substantia innominata
* to: cholinergic innervation of cortex

overall purpose: arousal, sleep wake, attention, learning, memory

//

  • Orgin 2: pontomesencephalotegmental area (pons + minbrain tegmentum)
    • suborgin 1: PPT pedunclopontine tegmental nucleus)
      * to: cholinergic innervation of thalums, basal ganglia, and some of forebrain area
    • suborgin 2: LDT (lateral dorsal tegmental nucleus)
      • to: cholinergic innervation of thalamus, prefontal cortex and habenula

Overall purpose: regulation of sensory relay nuclei (kinda like a guard…is this information important enough to pass on? i.e. you dont always see your nose but its htere in your vision)

81
Q

anterograde tracing

A

forward. tracing where axons are projecting away from an area. tracers: phaseolous vulgaris leucoaggluntinin (PHA-L)

82
Q

retrograde tracers

A

bacward. froming from hwere axons are protecting into an area. tracers:
1. cholera toxin subunit B (CTb)
2. fluro-gold (FG)

83
Q

Resting membrain potential

A

different in electrical charge between inside and out of the cell.
* inside = (-)
* Outside = (+)

resting membrain potential is about -70mV

84
Q

is membrane polarized or not?

A

yes it is polarized. it carries a charge

85
Q

factors that contribute to even ion distribution

A

random motion and electrostatic pressure

86
Q

random motion

A

particles tend to move down their concentration gradient

87
Q

electrostatic pressure

A

like repels like,,, opposites attract

88
Q

factors that lead to uneven distribtion of ions

A

selesctive probability to certain ions
sodium pottasium pumps

89
Q

sodium (in or out)

A

outside

90
Q

chroride (in or out)

A

outside

91
Q

Potassium (in or out)

A

inside

92
Q

NA+ ions

A

they are more outside, but they are under the pressure to be inside. They don’t though, because sodium ion channels are closed in resting neurons (voltage gated)

electrostatic pressure and random motion keeo them out

93
Q

K+ ions

A

they are inside but they leak through leak channels because the K+ ion channels are iopen in resting neurons. This said, they come back inside and do not exit all because of electrostaitc pressure

94
Q

how does a resting membraine potential stay constant?

A

sodium potential pump

95
Q

sodium potential pump

A

transport 3 Na+ ions out per every 2 K+ ions in.

96
Q

where do neurotransmitters bind

A

at postsynaptic receptors. neurotransmitters are the chemical messengers. they then bind and cause electrical changes (depolarize or hyperpolarize)

97
Q

depolarization

A

more positive

98
Q

hyper polarization

A

more negative

99
Q

when NA+ is let in, what happens to polarization

A

depolarize

100
Q

when K+ is let out, what happens to polarization

A

hyperpolarize

101
Q

two posynaptic potentials

A

exibatory and inhibatory

102
Q

exibatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)

A

depolarize
increase likelihood neuron will fire

103
Q

inhibatory postsynaptic potential

A

hyperpolarize
decrease likelihood neuron will fire

104
Q

borh EPSP and IPSP

A
  • travel passively from their site of generation (the synapse and travels alone dendrites and or cell body)
  • decreental- they get smaller as they travel
  • graded: weak stimuli elicit small PsPs; strong stimuli elicit large PSps
105
Q

integration of IPSP and EPSP must result in a potential of what to general an action potential

A

-65mV

106
Q

spatial summation

A

integration of events happening at different places

107
Q

temporal summation

A

integration of events happening at different times

108
Q

Action potential

A

when membrane potential goes from about -70mV to +50mV

109
Q

what happens when threshold is reached for an action potential

A
  1. depolarized. the voltage activated sodium channels open and Na+ ions rapidly enter the cell.
  2. This rapid change in membrane potential triggers opening of voltage activated potassium channels, thus K+ ions exit the cell.
  3. then, the sodium ions close and the cell repolarized by the K+ ions that are continuing to exit.
  4. eventually, the K+ channels slowly close and hyperpolarization occurs.
110
Q

Action potentials do not have graded responses. what does this mean

A

the maginitude is NOT related to the intensity (unlike PSPs) but the rate of neural firing IS.

111
Q

refractory period

A

prevent backwards movement of APs and limit the rate of firing (think of the blue part in the video). Two types: absolute and relative

112
Q

absolute refractory period

A

impossible to initiate another action potential

113
Q

relative refractory period

A

difficult, but possible, to initiate another action potential

114
Q

Action conduction of unmyelinated APs

A
  • nondecremental (doesnt get weaker as it travels)
  • slower
  • AP travels along axonal membrane to adjacent voltage activated sodium channel.
  • as channels open, Na+ ions enter
  • “new” AP generated on the portion of membrane but it is so fast that it seems like a wave instead
  • cycle continues down axon terminal
115
Q

PSP vs AP

A

IPSP/EPSP
* decremental
* fast
* passive

APs
* nondecremental
* slower
* active (unmyelinated) and passive (myelinated)

116
Q

AP conduction myelinated

A
  • passive- occurs along each myelin segment to next node of ranvier
  • new action potential generated at each node
  • instant conduction results in faster conduction
  • called “saltatory conduction”- kinda like it jumps
117
Q

Hodgkin-Huxley Model

A

The model used to describe action potentials and how they work. It was based on squid motor neurons. Cereberal neurons behave in ways that are not always predicted by the model, because this is based on a hypothesis.

118
Q

biopsychology as definied by Pinel

A

scientific study of the BIOLOGY of behavior

119
Q

psychology

A

scientific study of behavior

120
Q

neuroanatomy

A

study of structure of nervous system

121
Q

neurochemistry

A

study of chemical bases of neural activity

122
Q

neuroendocrinology

A

study of interactions between nervous system and endocrine system

123
Q

neuropathology

A

study of nervous system dysfunction

124
Q

neuropharmacology

A

study of effects of drugs on neural system

125
Q

neurophysiology

A

study of functions and activities of nervous system

126
Q

physciological psychology

A

neuro mechanisms of behaviors. controlled experiments with direct manipulation and recording of brain

127
Q

neuropathology

A

psychological effects of brain damage or brain dysfunction

128
Q

psychophysiology

A

relation between psysiological activity and psychological processes in humans

129
Q

cognitive neuroscience

A

neural bases of cognition (i.e. thought, memory, attention, etc). through functional brain imaging

130
Q

comparative psychology

A

comparing different species to understand evolution, genetics and adaptiveness. lab or ethological research

131
Q

signal protein

A

send signals about surroundings or environment. associated with metabolic receptors

132
Q

channel protein

A

transport water and molecules. associated with ionotropic receptors

133
Q

small neurotransmitters

A

various kinds. they are synthesized in terminal button and packaged in the synaptic vesicles

134
Q

large neurotransmitters

A

these are neuropeptides. they are assembeled in the cell body, they are packaged in vesicles, and then transported to axon terminal

135
Q

neurotransmitter def

A

endogenous (produced naturally in your body) chemical substance that elicits or modifies a synaptic response

136
Q

criteria for neurotransmitters

A
  1. there must be a chemical produced within neuron
  2. the chemical must also be FOUND withIN the neuron
  3. after a chemical is released, it must be inactivated. this can happen through reuptake mechanism or my enzyme that stops action of chemical. (also autoreceptors can tell signals to slow down)
  4. when a chemical is released, it must act on postsynaptic receptor and cause biological effect
  5. if a chemical is applied on postsynaptic membrane, it should have the same effect as when it is released by a neuron
137
Q

Otto leowls experiment

A

found ACH through a study with the heart

138
Q

receptor heterogenity allows for what

A

different effects

139
Q

how many NTs does a neuron use

A

multiple!

140
Q

how many receptors do NT’s affect?

A

multiple. there are different receptor subtypes for a given one NT

141
Q

NT life cycle

A

they have distinct life cycles that affect time and influence

142
Q

excytosis

A

the process of neurotransmitter release

143
Q

arrical of AP to terminal process

A

arrival of AP at terminal opens voltage activated CA2+ channels. the entry of CA2+ causes vesicles to fuse with the terminal membrane and release their contents

144
Q

how do NT activate receptors

A

a released NT produces a signal in the postsynaptic neuron by binding to the receptors.

145
Q

ligand

A

molecule that binds to another

146
Q

is a NT a liagand

A

yes, a ligand of its receptor

147
Q

acetycholine receptor subtypes

A

nicotinic and muscarinic

148
Q

nictonitc receptor

A

a type of ionotropic receptor for ACh. it has five subunites that form a ligand gated ion channel through the cell membrane. the subunits are numberd

149
Q

muscarinic receptor

A

a type of metabotropic receptor for ACH

150
Q

types of receptors

A

ionotropic and metabotropic

151
Q

ionotropic receptors

A

very fast. associated with ligand-activated ion channels (aka channel protein movement?). NT binds to post synaptic receptor and associated ion channel opens or closes, causing a PSP.

152
Q

metabotropic receptors

A

slower, longer lasting effects.also more diffused and varied. associated with signal proteins and G proteins

process:
NT 1 messenger binds, G protein subunit breaks away, G protein subunit binds to ion channel with causes it to open/close OR triggers a messenger 2

NT messenger 2- wide variety of effects (i.e. can move to the nucleus and influence gene expression)

153
Q

dendrodendritic synapse

A

dendrite send signal to other dendrite

154
Q

exodendritic synapse

A

ason synapse on dendritic spine of another

155
Q

if NA+ channels open, what kind of PSP happens

A

EPSP

156
Q

if K+ ions are opened what kind of PSP occurs

A

IPSP

157
Q

axoextrocellular

A

terminal w no specific target (secrete transmitter into extracelluluar fluid)

158
Q

axosomatic

A

axon terminal end on cell body

159
Q

axosynaptic

A

axon terminal end on another terminal

160
Q

axoaxonic

A

axon terminal end on another axon

161
Q

axosecretary

A

axon terminal end on tiny blood vessel (neurotransmitter goes directly into blood)

162
Q

presynaptic facilitation

A

axoaxonic that increase signal (aka yelling it)

163
Q

presynaptic inhibitation

A

axoaxonic that decrease signal (aka whisper it)

164
Q

small NT vs neuropeptides

A

Small neurotransmitter
* released directy into synapse
* activate either ionotropic or metabotripic receptors that act directly on ion channels
* transmission of rapid and brief signals

Neuropeptides
* released diffusely
* most bind to metabotropic receptors that act through 2nd messengers
* transmission of slow and longer lasting signals

165
Q

the nervous system is divided into two sections

A

CNS and PNS

166
Q

what is in CNS

A

brain and spinal cord

167
Q

PNS

A

split into somatic and automic nervous sustem

168
Q

somatic nervous system

A

interaction with external environment. Afferent and efferent

169
Q

autonomics nervous system

A

afferent. sensory. split into sympathetic and parasympathetic

170
Q

sympathetic

A

fight or flight. thoracic and lumbar. second stage neurons are far from target organ

171
Q

parasympathetic

A

resting. cranial and sacral. second stage neurons are near the target organ

172
Q

how many pairs of cranial nerves

A
  1. they project from the brain(NOT spinal cord) and include autonomic motor fibers of cranial nerves.
173
Q

arachnoid membrane

A

spider like web around brain

174
Q

make a schematic diagram about neural circuits

A

do it

Junior Year- Mac- Fall 2024 (4 decks)

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