Behavioral health Flashcards
Central Nervous system (CNS) includes what?
includes the brain and spinal cord
What does the brain stem contain?
contains midbrain, medulla, and pons
What does the medulla do?
Controls vial functions such as heart rate :3
What do the pons do?
control the management of sleep, arousal, facial expression
cerebellum what does it do?
The cerebellum is primarily responsible for muscle control, including balance and movement. It also plays a role in other cognitive functions such as language processing and memory.
What does the Cerebrum do?
cerebrum initiates and coordinates movement and regulates temperature
midbrain
controls sensory reflexes, movement, pain
reticular formation
controls mood, arousal, sleep; major source of serotonin and norepinephrine
thalamus
controls sensation, memory, states of consciousness; receives sensory input from most systems
basal ganglia
voluntary movement; degeneration in Parkinson’s, also involved in OCD and ADHD
hypothalamus
involved w/ motivation and homeostasis; regulates temperature, hunger thirst; directs ANS and endocrine system
hippocampus
formation of long term memories
cingulate cortex
directs ANS; plays role in decision making, emotion, anticipation of reward, empathy
amygdala
fear and aggression. #Emotion
nucleus accumbens
reward and pleasure
corpus callosum
connects hemispheres
cerebral cortex
thin layer of gray matter covering cerebral hemispheres
frontal lobe
primary motor cortex and areas responsible for most complex cognitive processes
Broca’s area
speech production in left hemisphere
prefrontal cortex
planning behavior, attention, and judgement
orbitofrontal cortex
emotion, impulse control
occipital lobe
primary visual cortex
temporal lobe
primary auditory cortex
parietal lobe
primary somatosensory cortex (involved in neglect syndrome)
lateralization
localization of function in one of the hemispheres (Ex: language lateralized in the left hemisphere)
Peripheral Nervous System
nerves and ganglia outside the CNS; contains somatic and autonomic nervous systems
somatic nervous system
transmits commands for voluntary movement
autonomic nervous system
controls glands and organs; contains sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system
controls glands and organs; contains sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system
controls glands and organs; contains sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system
parasympathetic nervous system
rest and digest; storage of energy
enteric nervous system
nerve cells embedded in lining of gastrointestinal system; communicates with endocrine system; source of 95% of boys serotonin
endocrine system
responsible for release of hormones into bloodstream; responses to input from hypothalamus
pineal gland
releases melatonin; maintenance of sleep-wake cycles
pituitary gland
master gland; stimulates activity of other glands
main parts of the neuron
soma (cell body), axons (transmit info), dendrites (receive info)
glial cells
provide structural matrix, clean up debris, form blood-brain barrier
myelin
insulating material covering axons; increase conduction
glial cells
cells that form scar tissue in the brain and spinal cord
young adulthood
The prefrontal cortex in myelinated in
action potential
electrical signal arising in a neurons axon
resting potential
electrical charge across membrane when neuron is not firing
action
The _________ potential is initiated when the membrane is depolarized to threshold
synapse
point of communication between neurons
neurotransmitter
chemical messenger that communicates across a synapse
receptor
where neurotransmitter binds
reuptake
NT reabsorbed by neuron that released it
acetylcholine
NT involved in movement, memory, ANS function
epinephrine
NT involved in arousal
norepinephrine
NT involved in arousal and vigilance; released by SNS; disruptions in PTSD and bipolar disorder
dopamine
NT involved in movement, planning, and reward; receptors die in Parkinson’s, overactive in Schizophrenia
serotonin
NT involved in mood, appetite, sleep; associated with depression
endorphins
pain; opioid drugs mimic endorphins
glutamate
excitation of brain activity
GABA
inhibition of brain activity
__________ disorders are the most common mental disorders
anxiety
Occurs at any time during the last year having a diagnosable, mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder that causes functional impairment that interferes with at least one major life event
serious mental illness
serious mental disturbance (SED)
Occurs in children who have been diagnosed with a mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder
autism spectrum disorder
Is characterized by deficits in social relatedness and communication skills that are often accompanied by repetitive, ritualistic behavior
autism spectrum disorder
(1 out of 50 children) have this disorder
attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
characterized by either unusual inattentiveness, hyperactivity with impulsivity, or both
_____ % is the Percentage of children diagnosed with ADHD
11%
the causes of _______ are genetic (heritability 70%), and environmental factors
ADHD
schizophrenia affects what percentage of the population?
1%
schizophrenia
characterized by hallucinations, delusions, disorganized thought and speech, disorders of movement, restricted affect, and avolition or asociality
Positive Symptoms
behaviors found in patients with schizophrenia but not in normal people (ex: hallucinations, delusions)
Negative Symptoms
behaviors found in normal people but not in schizophrenics (ex: avolition, flat affect)
Sources of Causality
strong genetic vulnerability (50% concordance rate in twins); environmental factors (birth month, stress)
abnormalities in what neurotransmitter, are associated with schizophrenia?
Dopamine
abnormalities in what brain area is associated with schizophrenia?
enlarged ventricles
Bipolar Disorder
abnormalities in what brain area is associated with schizophrenia?
_____ % of the adult population is affected by bipolar disorder
2.6%
What gender is most affected by Bipolar disorder
females
concordance rates for bipolar disorder in twins is as high as ____%
70%
major depressive disorder (MDD)
characterized by lengthy periods of depressed mood, loss of pleasure in normal activities, disturbances in sleep and appetite, difficulty concentrating, feelings of hopelessness, and possible thoughts of suicide
In order to be diagnosed with ____________ at least 5 symptoms and one must be depressed mood or anhedonia (lack of interest in activities that previously provided pleasure)
Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)
anhedonia
lack of interest in activities that previously provided pleasure
____ % of the population is affected by MDD
7
What is what is the gender most affected by MDD
Female
___________ explanation for depression: result of a combination of negative thoughts about the self, the world, and the future
Cognitive
___________ explanation for depression: reduction in positive enforcement or increase in negative outcomes
learning
___________ explanation for depression: feelings of sadness and loneliness
Social
___________ explanation for depression: heritability is 40%; certain genes affecting serotonin levels
Biologicial
diathesis-stress model
suggests that biological vulnerabilities for a disorder interact with a person’s experience of stress
_________ is a disorder that is not proportional to a person’s circumstances
Anxiety
_____ % of americans experience disorders
30%
Fears of specific objects or circumstances
Specific Phobias
Social Anxiety Disorder
unrealistic fear of being scrutinized and criticized by others
