Behavioral Ecology

Question 1

Behavioural ecology

Answer 1

Concerned with the adaptiveness and evolution of behaviour as well as how is relates to the environment.
Not all behaviour is a plastic/learnt and many have a heritable component

Question 2

Phenotypic Gambit

Answer 2

an Understanding of genetic architecture is not necessary to study evolution of behaviour

Question 3

Proximate and ultimate question

Answer 3

Ultimate questions are looking at behaviours evolutionary significance.
Proximate questions look at the immediate cause of the behaviour.

Question 4

Tinberg's 4 questions

Answer 4

Function evolution causation and development. These address proximate and ultimate questions.

Question 5

4 ways to test if behaviours inherited

Answer 5

Correlation between parents and offspring (common garden experiments). Cross breeding experiments. Artificial selection experiments. Molecular underpinnings.

Question 6

methods in behavioural ecology for testing adaptive stories

Answer 6

Observational studies. Long-term observational studies. Experiments. Modelling. Comparisons.

Question 7

Benefits of group living

Answer 7

Antipredator. Foraging. Information and learning exchange. Cooperation.

Question 8

Cost of group living

Answer 8

Disease and parasites. competition. Attracting predators.

Question 9

Antipredator benefits

Answer 9

Dilution of risk because a larger group results in lower risk. Larger numbers may even confuse predator.
Shared vigilance as many eyes on look out for predators allows for early detection of risk. Examples are confusion effect, the many eyes effect and mobbing.

Question 10

Foraging benefits

Answer 10

Lower level individual diligence as many eyes on predators means greater foraging time. For example the time spent looking for food increases in larger flocks.
Cooperative hunting.

Question 11

Information and learning

Answer 11

Individuals can find out the location of food from others. Examples include Local enhancement, information centres and social networking.
Large groups are better at solving problems as they are learning together pooling their skills and their collective diversity.

Question 12

ComPetition

Answer 12

More individuals leads to more competition for food nest sites eccetera. Scramble competition refers to increased aggression longer foraging hours slower growth rate and reproductive rates of that occurs in larger groups.

Question 13

Disease and parasitism

Answer 13

Higher density of population means increased likelihood for disease at brake and transmission. Higher density also means are higher parasite load for example couldn't Cliff sparrows and blood sucking bugs.

Question 14

Communication

Answer 14

Defined as the process in which a sender uses specially designed signals to modify the behaviour of the intended receivers. Signals are on average of benefit to the sender otherwise they would not have evolved.

Question 15

Why did communication evolve

Answer 15

Information about the sender. To provide information about the environment either about predators or food. Signals can also be referential to a subject and decision-making rules. For example vervet monkeys make calls that are specific to the kind of threat identified.

Question 16

Signal honesty

Answer 16

Signals are kept honest by several mechanisms. Index signals are those that can easily be fake tan delimited by the condition of the signaler. Signals can also be costly or risky to produce creating unnecessary costs to produce them unnecessarily. In rare cases punishment can also keep signals honest.

Question 17

Cooperation

Answer 17

Groups of animals that work or act together for mutual benefits.

Question 18

Altruistic behaviour

Answer 18

Helping others at cost to oneself. immediate or long-term effects in improving fitness

Question 19

Reciprocal altruism

Answer 19

Tit-for-tat I give you something you give me something. For example predator inspection in guppies.

Question 20

Kin selection

Answer 20

process whereby natural selection favours a trait due to its positive effects on the reproductive success of an organism's relatives, even when at a cost to the organism's own survival and reproduction. Kin selection can lead to the evolution of altruistic behaviour.

Question 21

CoOperative breeding

Answer 21

Obligatory = Species unable to breed alone or in pairs employ the help of non-breeding individuals for example meerkats.
Facultative = breeding pairs occasionally helped by others example paid kingfishers.
Eusocial = helpers are permanently sterile and help their entire lives. Happens in hymenoptera because they're haplodiploid which means helping siblings has a greater fitness benefit. Sisters related by 0.75.

Question 22

Hamilton's rule

Answer 22

Altruistic behaviour is more likely to evolve for closer the relatedness of the donor to the recipient and the greater the benefit to the recipient compared with the cost to the donor.
Rb>c

Question 23

Sexual selection

Answer 23

process by which individuals compete for access to mates and fertilization opportunities.

Question 24

Male-male competition

Answer 24

occurs when two males of the same species compete for the opportunity to mate with a female. Sexually dimorphic traits, size, sex ratio, and the social situation may all play a role in the effects male–male competition has on the reproductive success of a male and the mate choice of a female

Question 25

Female choice

Answer 25

Direct benefit = males chosen for the resources they have to offer the female and that's the female themselves benefits from being cheesy for example hummingbirds pick males dependant on the quality of their Territory.
Good genes = females choose extravagant males and may indirectly be choosing them because their extravagant traits show that they have the best genetic quality for example peacocks.
Runaway sexual selection = by choosing showy male a female's sons May inherit showiness and thus enjoy higher reproductive success.

Question 26

Sex Role reversal

Answer 26

Where females are subject to sexual selection. Males can be the choosy sex for example in seahorses. Neutral mate preferences sections in crested awklets we're both sexes demonstrate a preference for larger crests.

Question 27

Animal cognition

Answer 27

Mental capacity of animals. Includes perception, individual and social learning, memory and decision-making.

Question 28

Cognitive ecology

Answer 28

Understanding how cognitive traits have evolved in response to environment and social drivers.
Types include spatial cognition, memory, problem solving, physical cognition, social cognition, social learning and culture.

Question 29

Evolution of flexible cognition

Answer 29

Send text to have evolved general intelligence usually associated with enlarged higher processing forebrains. The main lineages this has been observed in are primates, Whales, Crows, parrots and elephants.
Social/cultural/technical/ecological intelligence + variable environment hypotheses.