behavioral Flashcards
what is functionalism
how mental processes help people adapt to environment
what are the functions of the forebrain (cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, limbic system, thalamus, hypothalamus) what is the limbic system comprised of
cerebral - complex cognitive and behavioral processes basal ganglia - smooth movement limbic - emotion and memory thalamus - sensory relay hypothalamus - hunger, thirst and heightened emotion (the four F’s - feeding, fighting, flighting, sexual functioning) - septal nuclei, amygdala, hippocampus
what are the functions of the midbrain? two colliculi functions?
sensorimotor reflexes superior colliculi - visual reflexes inferior colliculi - auditory reflexes
what are the functions of the hindbrain (pons, medulla, cerebellum, reticular formation)
pons - sensory pathway medulla - (vital functioning) breathing, heart rate and blood pressure cerebellum - posture/balance/ coordination reticular formation - arousal and alertness
-encephalons of the forebrain (outer/basal+thalamus+hypothalamus) -encephalon of the hindbrain (pons+cerebellum/medulla)
outer - telencephalon inner - diencephalon pons - metencephalon medulla - myelencephalon
if lateral hypothalamus is damaged, a person will _____ if anterior hypothalamus is stimulated, a person will _________ if ventromedial hypothalamus is damaged, a person will _______
LH - lack eating (stop eating) VM - very hungry (never stop eating) AH - intense sexual behavior
what is the pineal gland for
biological rhythm like circadian
where is Brocas area located? Wenickes? what is the difference between these two?
brocas - frontal - speech formation wernickes - temporal - language comprehension
what is concordance rates?
likelihood twins will exhibit the same trait
during embryonic neurulation, neural groove is formed from what? and neural plates will fuse together to form neural tube what does the neural crest do? - what is the difference between alar and basal plates?
ECTOderm migrates to become different tissue alar- sensory neurons basal - motor neurons
moro and babinski reflexes?
moro - infant puts arms up and then slowly moves down and cries babinski - spreads toes when sole of foot is stimulated
what do ___________ respond to? photoreceptors? hair cells? nociceptors? thermoreceptors? osmoreceptors? olfactory receptors? taste receptors?
electromagnetic waves in visible spectrum respond to movement of fluid in inner ear structures painful/noxious stimuli temperature changes osmolarity of the blood volatile compounds (smell) dissolved compounds (taste)
what is webers law of perception?
there is a constant ratio between the change in stimulus magnitude needed to produce jnd and the magnitude of the original stimuli - for example, we can hear the difference between 440 Hz and 443 Hz - Webers percentage would be 3/440 = 0.68% - if we wanted to know the jnd at 1000 Hz, you would just multiple 1000 Hz by 0.68% o jnd = over 1006.68 Hz
what is signal detection theory ?
changes in perception of the same stimuli depending on internal and external context
cornea
light enters this domelike window in the front of the eye - gathers and focuses the light
anterior chamber
behind the cornea and in front of the iris
iris – what is it and what are the muscles of it?
colored part, comprised of two muscles 1. dilator pupillae – sympathetic 2. constrictor pupillae – parasympathetic - iris is continuous with both choroid and ciliary body
ciliary body function?
produces aqueous humor
ciliary muscles function?
under parasympathetic control and will pull suspensory ligaments to change the shape of the lens
canal of Schlemm function?
drains aqueous humor
choroidal vessels location?
intermingling of blood vessels between sclera and retina
sclera?
thick structural layer (white of the eye) - does not cover cornea
cones vs rods?
cones – detect color vision and sense fine details o S – blue wavelengths o M – green wavelengths o L – red wavelengths rods – light and dark -all contain single pigment rhodopsin
macula and fovea?
macula - center of the retina, contains the fovea fovea - contains only cones for high visual acuity
as the number of photoreceptors that converge onto ganglion increases, what happens to resolution?
decreases!
what is parallel processing in visual processing?
ability to simultaneously analyze and combine information regarding color, shape, and motion which is then compared to memory to determine what is being viewed - being able to recognize a car from a distance
parvocellular cells vs magnocellular cells in visual parallel processing (feature detection)
parvo (p) - high spatial resolution, low temporal - very detailed at rest magno (m) - low spatial, high temporal - blurry in motion
what are the three small bones of the ossicles of the ear?
stirrup (stapes) - connected to oval window of inner ear anvil (incus) hammer (malleus)
what is the utricle and saccule? what is their function?
vestibulae - detects linear motion so spatial awareness
where are otolith hair cells located and where are ampulla hair cells located?
otolith - vestibulae for linear motion ampulla - semicircular canals for rotational motion
where does sound travel from vestibulocochlear nerve to cortex and what is it modified by?
to the MGN (music) - LGN is site (look) to the temporal lobe auditory cortex - modified by inferior colliculus and superior olive
how is the cochlea organized? how far do high frequency pitches vibrate hair cells down the basilar membrane?
tonotopically - very close to the oval window
order of olfactory transmission signals?
odor molecules are inhaled into nasal passage bind to chemoreceptors on olfactory nerves in olfactory epithelium send signal to olfactory bulbs brain
signal pathway for taste signal?
dissolved compounds bind to chemoreceptors (acid for sour, sodium for salt) on taste buds (papillae) brainstem thalamus higher order
somatosensation: 4 modalities of sensation? 1. Pacinian corpuscles – 2. Meissner corpuscles – 3. Merkel cells – 4. ruffini endings – 5. free nerve endings –
pressure, temperature, vibration, pain pressure and vibration light touch pressure and texture stretch pain and temperature
what is proprioception?
kinesthetic sense - where your body is in space
law of pragnanz ?
perceptual organization will always be as simple, regular, and symmetric as possible 1. law of proximity – elements close to another tend to be perceived as a unit 2. law of similarity – objects that are similar tend to be grouped together 3. law of good continuation – elements that appear to follow in the same pathway tend to be grouped together 4. subjective contours – perceive contours resulting in shapes that are not actually there 5. law of closure – space is enclosed by a contour, it is perceived as a full picture
operant conditioning - define the following negative reinforcement – positive reinforcement – negative punishment – positive punishment – negative reinforcement includes two subdivisions - escape and avoidance learning. define these
negative reinforcement – increase behavior by taking away something unpleasant positive reinforcement – increase behavior by giving something pleasant negative punishment – decrease behavior by taking something away positive punishment – decrease behavior by giving something -escape learning- behavior is to reduce bad stimuli that is already happening -avoidance learning – behavior to reduce the probability of something bad happening in the future
psychosexual development (Sigmund freud)
- identity and sexuality linked - each stage, tries to mitigate libidinal tension - unresolved conflict: fixation anxiety neurosis (mental disorder)
5 stages of psychosexual development
5 stages 1. oral stage (0-1) - libidinal energy focused on mouth - if fixation is not resolved at this stage, high levels of dependency may emerge later in life 2. anal stage (1-3) - focused on anus (release of tension by eliminating fecal waste) - if fixation not resolved o child becomes orderly or sloppy 3. Phallic stage (3-5) - males o Oedipus complex: jealousy (fathers relationship with mother) o will relate to father, develop sexual identity, internalize moral code, pick up hobbies - females o electra complex: similar to Oedipus 4. latency (5-puberty) - nothing really happens 5. genital stage (puberty- adulthood) - if all other stages were developed normally, normal heterosexual relationships occur - if not, other adult relationships would occur stages: orangutans always play with little gorillas
Psychosocial theory (Erik Erikson)
- social needs and social demands or pressure - emotional development and role of social environment - previous conflict does NOT have to be resolved before moving on to the next - resolution of conflict can be positive or negative, depending on skills/traits an individual gains from that stage and carries on to the next stage
Moral thinking (Lawrence Kohlberg) 3 phases - how many stages?
6 1. pre-conventional (focus on consequence) – pre-adolescent stage 1 – avoids punishment, “he could get arrested” stage 2 – desire to gain rewards, “he could live long time with wife” 2. conventional (focus on relationships with others) – adolescent stage 3 – obedience to social norms, “its not okay to steal” stage 4 – maintenance of social order, “if he broke the rules, everyone might too” 3. post-conventional (high level of reasoning) – adulthood stage 5 – focus on individual rights, “the druggist should not overcharge” stage 6 – considers abstract/universal ethical principles, “human life has infinite worth”
Cultural and Biosocial Development (Lev Vygotsky) zone of proximal development
a skill that is between what the child can do alone and what the child can do with adult guidance (knowledgable other)
reinforcement schedules for learning. 4 different ones, what are they?
- fixed-ratio (FR) – reinforces behavior after a specific number of performances of that behavior o rat being rewarded with pellet every third time it does behavior - continuous reinforcement is a fixed-ratio schedule in which behavior is rewarded every time is performed 2. variable-ratio (VR) – reinforces behavior after a varying number of performances, but such that the average number of performances to receive reward is relatively constant 3. fixed interval (FI) – reinforces behavior after a specified time period has elapsed o rat getting pellet after pushing level the first time, but must wait 60 seconds until it can get another pellet 4. variable interval (VI) – reinforces behavior the first time a behavior is performed after varying interval of time (changes between 60, 90, 3 min for example)
which reinforcement schedule generates the greatest response?
variable ratio
latent learning
– learning that occurs without a reward but that is spontaneously demonstrated once a reward is introduced
mirror neurons - where are they located and what do they do?
located in parietal and frontal lobes of cerebral cortex - fires when they perform an action or when they see someone else perform that action
what is explicit memory and what two subdivisions does it contain?
(declarative) memory – memories that require conscious recall - includes semantic memory (the facts we know) and episodic memory (our experiences)
what is semantic memory and what is episodic memory?
semantic - facts we know episodic - emotional/experiences
serial position effect for recall … what will the individual remember most and what is this called?
retrieval cue that appears while learning lists primacy - remembering the first recency - remembering the last items
what is korsakoffs syndrome?
form of memory loss that includes both retrograde (loss of previously formed memories) and anterograde amnesia (inability to form new memories) -formation of vivid memories to fill in the gaps
interference of recalling memories: two kinds
a retrieval error caused by the existence of other, usually similar, information - proactive interference: old memories interfere with forming new memories - retroactive interference: new memories interfere with old memories
source-monitoring error
confusion between semantic and episodic memory - a person remembers a the details of an event, but confuses the context under which those details were gained
journey of a memory?
starts as a sensory memory in projection area of sensory modality (it is brief unless maintained in consciousness) moved into a short term memory in the hippocampus in temporal lobe manipulated in hippocampus/ parietal and temporal lobe to working memory stored for later recall over long periods of time, memories are gradually moved from hippocampus back to cerebral cortex
what does each mean? ascribed status achieved master status
ascribed status – involuntary due to race, ethnicity, gender achieved – gained as a result of ones efforts/choices master status – by which they are most identified - usually how one few themselves
difference between role conflict and role strain?
role conflict – difficulty satisfying the requirements or expectations of multiple roles role strain – difficulty satisfying multiple requirements of the same role
difference between gemeinschaft (community) groups and gesellschaft (society) groups
gemeinschaft (community) groups – unified by feelings of togetherness due to shared beliefs, ancestry, or geography - families or neighbors gesellschaft (society) groups – unified by because of self-interests working together toward same goal - country or companies
System for multiple level observation of groups (SYMLOG): includes what three fundamental dimensions of interaction (____ vs _____)
dominance vs submissiveness friendliness vs unfriendliness instrumentally controlled vs emotionally expressive
bureaucracy - what is it?
bureaucracy – rational system of political organization, administration, discipline and control - are slow to change and less efficient than other organizations - example would include IRS
iron law of oligarchy ?
democratic/bureaucratic systems naturally shift to being ruled by an elite group
McDonaldization ?
McDonaldization – shift in focus toward efficiency, predictability, calculability, control in societies
Basic model of emotional expression ? vs appraisal model?
Basic model of emotional expression – established by Charles Darwin - stated that emotional expression involves a number of components: facial expressions, behaviors, postures, vocal changes, and physiological changes - primates and animals experience same facial expressions appraisal model – accepts there is a biologically predetermined expression for emotion (like the basic model of emotional expression), but there is a cognitive antecedent to emotional expression
what is the social construction model of emotional expression?
Social construction model – no biological basis for emotion, they are based on experiences and situations alone - certain emotions only exist in certain social situations and vary with culture - a person must be familiar with social norms for a certain emotion to perform emotional behaviors in a situation
IMPRESSION MANAGEMENT – our attempts to influence how others see us three selves?
IMPRESSION MANAGEMENT – our attempts to influence how others see us three selves; authentic, ideal, tactical authentic self – who they actually are ideal – who we would like to be under optimal circumstances tactical – who we market ourselves as to reach expectations of others
methods of impression management: ingratiation ? alter-casting ?
- using flattery or conforming to expectations to win someone over - alter-casting – ‘as a good MCAT student, you should…’
George Mead – “I” vs “Me” ?
George Mead – “I” vs “Me” “I” – creative expression of individual “Me” – societal expectations of an individual
self-concept vs self-identity
self-concept – answers to ‘who am I’ (only one answer) - includes past, present, future and self schema self-identity – individual components of our self-concept related to groups to which we belong (depends on what group we are around)
what does it mean that identities are organized in a hierarchy of salience
let the situation dictate what identity is most important in the situation - the more salient (important) a identity, the more we conform to the role expectations
self- esteem: differences between our actual, ideal and ought self?
actual – the way we see ourselves as we currently are ideal – person we want to be ought – representation of what others think we should be
what are the phases of Kohlbergs morality principal?
- pre-conventional (focus on consequence) – pre-adolescent stage 1 – avoids punishment (obedience), “he could get arrested” stage 2 – desire to gain rewards (self-interest), “he could live long time with wife” 2. conventional (focus on relationships with others) – adolescent stage 3 – obedience to social norms (conformity), “its not okay to steal” stage 4 – maintenance of social order (law and order), “if he broke the rules, everyone might too” 3. post-conventional (high level of reasoning) – adulthood stage 5 – focus on individual rights (social contract), “the druggist should not overcharge” stage 6 – considers abstract/universal ethical principles (universal human ethics), “human life has infinite worth”
what components make up sigmund freud’s psychoanalytic perspective of personality?
id (unconscious)– basic, primal urges of survival and reproduction - pleasure principle - primary process to frustration is; obtain satisfaction now, not later - daydreaming that fulfills this requirement is called wish fulfillment ego – - reality principle - secondary process – guidance of the id (stave off pleasure principle until satisfaction can actually be obtained) o suspends work of primary process to meet the demands of objective reality o organizer of the mind – receives power and can never be fully independent of the id - also modulates the superego superego – personality’s perfectionist, judging our actions and responding with pride at accomplishments and guilt at failures - two subdivisions o the conscience is a collection of improper actions for which a child is punished o ego-ideal is proper actions for which a child is rewarded
what do ethos and thanatos instincts mean?
life and death (usually as a result of trauma)
EGO’s recourse for reliving anxiety caused by the clash of the id and superego is through defense mechanisms (8): 1. repression – 2. suppression 3. regression – 4. reaction formation – 5. projection – Rorschach inkblot test – thematic apperception test – 6. rationalization – 7. displacement – 8. sublimation
EGO’s recourse for reliving anxiety caused by the clash of the id and superego is through defense mechanisms (8): 1. repression – egos way of forcing undesired thoughts to the unconscious - aim is to disguise threating impulses 2. suppression is a more deliberate, conscious form of forgetting 3. regression – reversion to earlier adult stage 4. reaction formation – suppress urges by unconsciously converting them into their exact opposite - a man pining after a female celebrity, but saying he hates her to reduce his stress about never meeting her 5. projection – people attribute undesired feelings onto others Rorschach inkblot test – assumption that the client projects his unconscious feelings into the shape thematic apperception test – series of pictures that requires patient to make up stories about it to reveal unconscious 6. rationalization – justification of behaviors in a manner that is acceptable to self and society 7. displacement – transference of an undesired urge from one person or object to another - angry spouse may hold tongue at work towards boss but then snap at husband at home 8. sublimation – transformation of unacceptable urges into socially acceptable behaviors - pent up sexual urges may be sublimated to a drive for business success
carl jungs psychoanalytical perspective of identity: what are his definitions of our unconscious? define his archetypes: persona anima/animus shadow self
personal unconscious – similar to freud’s notion of unconscious collective unconscious – powerful system shared among all humans and considered to be from early ancestors persona – mask that we wear in public and part of personality we present to the world - adaptive to social interactions (increase behavior that improves social standing and decreases behavior that doesn’t) anima/animus – sex-inappropriate qualities - anima is suppressed female qualities in males that explain emotional behavior - animus is suppressed male qualities in females that explain power-seeking behavior shadow – appearance of unpleasant and socially unacceptable thoughts and feelings in consciousness self – point of intersection between the collective unconscious, personal unconsciousness and conscious mind
JUNGS three dichotomies of personality?
- extraversion vs introversion 2. sensing (objective info about the world) vs intuiting (working with info abstractly) 3. thinking vs feeling - most people have a degree of both - led to development of Myers- Briggs type inventory (MBTI) personality test
what is adler’s inferiority complex about psychoanalytic personality ? what is style of life? fictional finalism
Alder’s inferiority complex – an individual’s sense of incompleteness, imperfection, and inferiority both physically and socially superiority drives personality – striving enhances personality when it is oriented toward society, but yields disorder when it is selfish style of life – manifestations of the creative self and describes a person’s unique way of achieving superiority fictional finalism – life would be perfect if only… - focuses on expectations of the future vs past experiences
Horney – neurotic needs (need for affection, approval, etc.) basic anxiety – basic hostility – three basic mechanisms for overcoming these?
Horney – neurotic needs (need for affection, approval, etc.) basic anxiety – inadequate parenting causes helplessness and vulnerability basic hostility – neglect causes anger three basic mechanisms for overcoming these; moving toward people to obtain security, moving against people, withdrawing from people - healthy people use all three strategies - highly threatened child will use just one and will keep that into adulthood
humanistic approach to psychology - self realization A) Kurt Lewin’s Force Field Theory ? B) Abraham Maslow – hierarchy of needs? C) George Kelly – personal construct psychology ? D) carl rogers - person-centered therapy?
A) Kurt Lewin’s Force Field Theory – doesn’t believe in fixed traits, habits or structures (like ego, id, superego) - focuses the present forces (influences) on that person’s life B) Abraham Maslow – hierarchy of needs - studied Einstein, Beethoven, etc. - self-actualized people experience peak experiences (experiences that have important and lasting effects on others) C) George Kelly – personal construct psychology - individuals acquire new constructs that will allow him to successfully predict troublesome events D) Carl Rogers – client-centered, person-centered, nondirective therapy - helps clients reflect on problems, choice, and to determine own destiny - helps reconcile differences between ‘selves’ - termed unconditional positive regard during therapy
personality traits: PEN MODEL ? big five personality traits? ?
personality traits: PEN MODEL – psychotocism, extraversion, neuroticism psychotocism – measure of nonconformity or social deviance extraversion – measure of tolerance for social interaction/stimulation neuroticism – measure of emotional arousal in stressful situation OCEAN MODEL – openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism
Gordon Allport – cardinal, central, secondary traits? functional autonomy ?
Gordon Allport – cardinal, central, secondary traits cardinal – trait which person organizes life around central – characteristics of a personality that are easy to infer secondary – limited to occurrence (only appear in close groups or specific social situations) functional autonomy – behavior continues despite satisfaction of the drive that originally created behavior
Behaviorist vs Social cognitive theory of personality? reciprocal determinism ?
Behaviorist – SKINNER – how the environment shapes us - based on operant conditioning - therapy focuses on learning skills/changing behavior through operant conditioning techniques - token economies: positive behavior rewarded with tokens Social cognitive – how the environment shapes us and how we interact with that environment reciprocal determinism – our thoughts, feelings, behaviors and environment all interact with each other to determine our actions
Aggression – what two parts of the brain regulate it? -
Aggression – offers protection against perceived and real threats - governed by amygdala – tells us if something is or is not a threat - prefrontal cortex – will reduce emotional reactivity from amygdala
Cognitive neoassociation model for aggression?
Cognitive neoassociation model – we are more likely to respond to other aggressively when we are feeling negative emotions (tired, sick, frustrated)
types of attachment: 1. ______ attachment – has consistent care giver - upset when they leave and comforted when they return 2. ______ attachment – caregiver has little or no response to distressed child - children don’t show preference between caregiver/stranger - don’t care if caregiver leaves or stays 3. ______ attachment – caregiver has inconsistent response to child’s distress (some appropriate, some not) - child will be distressed on separation but mixed responses when they return - anxious-ambivalence because child is anxious about reliability of caregiver 4. ______ attachment – show no clear pattern of behavior in response to caregiver - mix of different behaviors including avoidance, resistance, dazed, rocking back and forth - usually associated with erratic behavior and social withdrawal from caregiver
- secure attachment – has consistent care giver - upset when they leave and comforted when they return 2. avoidant attachment – caregiver has little or no response to distressed child - children don’t show preference between caregiver/stranger - don’t care if caregiver leaves or stays 3. ambivalent attachment – caregiver has inconsistent response to child’s distress (some appropriate, some not) - child will be distressed on separation but mixed responses when they return - anxious-ambivalence because child is anxious about reliability of caregiver 4. disorganized attachment – show no clear pattern of behavior in response to caregiver - mix of different behaviors including avoidance, resistance, dazed, rocking back and forth - usually associated with erratic behavior and social withdrawal from caregiver
5 recognized mechanisms of mate choice : 1. ________ – will increase attraction and hence offspring 2. _________ – use something to attract mates that are already a preexisting preference (extra fat bear that could mean he knows where food is) 3. ________ – positive feedback mechanism where a trait has no effect or negative effect which leads to its exaggeration over time - for example, peacock feathers 4. _______ – signify good health 5. _________ – attraction to starkly different genetic makeups reduce chances of recessive disorders
5 recognized mechanisms of mate choice : 1. phenotypic benefit – will increase attraction and hence offspring 2. sensory bias – use something to attract mates that are already a preexisting preference (extra fat bear that could mean he knows where food is) 3. fisherian/runaway selection – positive feedback mechanism where a trait has no effect or negative effect which leads to its exaggeration over time - for example, peacock feathers 4. indicator traits– signify good health 5. genetic compatibility – attraction to starkly different genetic makeups reduce chances of recessive disorders
impression biases: Halo effect –> just-world hypothesis –? self-serving bias –?
Halo effect – cognitive bias where judgements about a specific aspect of a person can be affected by ones overall impression about a person - seeing an attractive person as more friendly just-world hypothesis – cognitive bias where good things happen to good people, bad to bad people; noble acts rewarded, evil acts punished - blaming the victim self-serving bias – individuals view their own success based on internal factors, while viewing failures based on external factors - a student saying she did good on a test because she studied, but bad on a test because unfair questions
ATTRIBUTION THEORY ? dispositional causes vs situational causes
ATTRIBUTION THEORY – tendency of people to infer causes of other people’s behavior dispositional causes (internal) – relate to the persons whose behavior is being considered (beliefs, attitudes, personality) situational causes (external) – relate to the features of the surroundings (threats, money, social norms, peer pressure)
consistency cues – ? consensus cues – ? distinctiveness cues – ?
consistency cues – consistency cues consensus cues – matches others behavior distinctiveness cues – uses similar behavior in similar situations
Fundamental Attribution Error –?
Fundamental Attribution Error – generally biased to make dispositional attributions rather than situational, especially in negative situations
stereotype content model ???? – high warmth and low competence - group is looked down on and ignored - ie. seniors ????? – high warmth, high competence - group is looked upon with pride and good feeling - ie. in group or close allies ????? – low warmth, high competence - viewed with resentment or annoyance - i.e. welfare recipients, poor people ????? – low warmth, high competence - group is viewed with jealousy and bitterness - i.e jews, rich people, Asians
stereotype content model paternalistic – high warmth and low competence - group is looked down on and ignored - ie. seniors admiration – high warmth, high competence - group is looked upon with pride and good feeling - ie. in group or close allies contemptuous – low warmth, high competence - viewed with resentment or annoyance - i.e. welfare recipients, poor people envious – low warmth, high competence - group is viewed with jealousy and bitterness - i.e jews, rich people, Asians
self-fulfilling prophecy and stereotype threat ?
self-fulfilling prophecy – expectations of a group then results in confirmation of those expectations - a medical student knowing first years don’t do well tying knots so when he goes to tie a knot he struggles stereotype threat – people concerned about confirming a negative stereotype about ones social group - will cause them to avoid or do worse at that activity, resulting in self- fulfilling prophecy - ie. women driving
what types of waves predominate awake state? what types of waves predominate stage 1? stage 2? stage 3? stage 4? what happens during REM?
beta and alpha 1 - theta 2 - theta, K complex and sleep spindles 3 - delta 4 - delta REM - rapid eye movement and sleep paralysis - DREAMS
changes in light in the evening trigger release of what by what? what levels increase in the morning to promote wakefulness?
melatonin from pineal gland cortisol
dysomnias vs parasomnias
dys - sleep apnea, narcolepsy, insomnia para - sleep paralysis, sleep walking
what pathway in the brain is drug addition mediated by? what is the main transmitter in this pathway?
mesolimbic dopamine
what is selective attention divided attention?
selective - paying attention to something while determining if additional stimulus is background requires attention divided - uses automatic processing to pay attention to multiple activities at once
what word refers to the actual sound of speech? what refers to the building blocks of words (such as pluralization, past tense) what refers to the meaning of the word what refers to the rules dictating word order refers to the changes in language delivery depending on context?
phonology morphology semantics syntax pragmatics
Nativist theory of language development? learning (behaviorist) theory? social interactionist theory?
innate and controlled by the language acquisition device (LAD) controlled by operant conditioning and reinforcements by parents and caregivers language development caused by a motivation to communicate/interact with others
whorfian theory on language?
lens through which we view and interpret the world is created by language
what area controls the motor function of speech? what happens when this is damaged? what controls language comprehension of speech? what happens when this is damaged? the arcuate fasciculus connects wernickes and brocas area - what happens when this is damaged?
brokas - difficulty forming speech wernickes - difficulty making sense of what words they are saying difficulty repeating words back
what is the base rate fallacy?
protypical or stereotypical factors are used for analysis rather than actual data
Timeline of language acquisition babbling? about one word per month? explosion of language? longer sentences? language rules largely mastered?
9 to 12 months 12 to 18 months 18 - 20 months 2 to 3 years 5 years
Functionalism – ?
conflict theory –?
symbolic interactionism?
social constructionism – ?
Functionalism – focuses on function of each component of society and how the components fit together
- manifest functions: deliberate actions that serve to help a given system
- latent functions: unexpected, unintended positive consequences of manifest functions
conflict theory – power differentials are created and how they dictate social order
- anger based off inequality
symbolic interactionism – the way individuals interact through a shared understanding of words, gestures, and other symbols
- thumbs up is approval in America, but offensive in other cultures
social constructionism – individuals and groups make decisions to agree upon concepts and principles
- the concept that paper model holds value to people
rational choice theory –?
exchange theory –?
rational choice theory – people will make decisions that maximize their potential benefit and minimize potential harm (pros and cons)
exchange theory – rational choice theory applied to group setting
- ppl will continue to behave in ways that are praised and avoid behavior that is not
capitalist economies ?
socialist economies ?
capitalist economies – owner profits from success of business
- focus on free market trade
- success is driven by consumerism and little intervention from central governing bodies
- usually will have division of labor
- specific components of a large task are separated and assigned to skilled and trained individuals
socialist economies – profit is distributed equally to workforce
- large industries are collective and compensation is provided based on the work contribution of each individual in system
Four Key Tenets of Medical Ethics?
Four Key Tenets of Medical Ethics:
- beneficence – act in patients best interest
- nonmaleficence – do no harm
- autonomy – freedom of choice
- justice – similar care to all patients
cultural lag –?
cultural lag – idea that material culture changes more quickly than symbolic culture
race vs ethnicity ?
race – phenotypic differences between groups, cannot choose whether to display or not
ethnicity – cultural factors (language, nationality, religion), can choose not to display
symbolic ethnicity ?
symbolic ethnicity – connection to ethnicity in which ethnic symbols remain important even when it does not in everyday life
- for example irish americans celebrating st pattys day
demographic transition model looks like what?
what happens to fertility/death rates/population?
demographic transition model – maps from pre-industrial to industrial population
- death rates will drop first, increasing population
- followed by decrease in fertility
- population will increase
Malthusian theory?
Malthusian theory – how exponential growth of a population can outpace growth of food supply
- prediction that as third-world nations industrialize, the pace at which the world population will grow is much faster than the ability to generate food
proactive movements vs reactive movements
proactive movements– promote social change
reactive movements – resist social change
Social facilitation – (simple tasks vs complex tasks)
Deindividuation – ?
Peer pressure – ?
Group polarization – ?
Group think –?
Social facilitation – tendency of people to perform at a different level based on the fact that people are around
(better at simple/worse at complex)
Deindividuation – loss of self-awareness in a group, which can lead to drastic behavior (riots)
Peer pressure – social influence by people they consider equal
Group polarization – tendency toward making decisions in a group that are more extreme than the thought of the individual group members
Group think – focusing on ideas that arise from within the group without considering ideas from outside the group
- ethics may be compromised
- includes illusion of invulnerability, collective rationalization, illusion of morality, excessive stereotyping, pressure for conformity, self-censorship, illusion of unanimity, mindguard
what is social loafing?
tendency of an individual to put in less effort when there is other people around
(group project dont do as much work)
what is cognitive dissonance?
how does it relate to peer pressure and identity shift effect?
cognitive dissonance means having two opposing thoughts or opinions at once
during peer pressure, people can undergo identity shift effect where they adopt the groups standards as their own even when it is an internal conflict
Socialization –?
Norms –?
Stigma – ?
Deviance – ?
Conformity –?
Socialization – process of developing and spreading norms, customs and beliefs
Norms – acceptable behavior
Stigma – disapproval or dislike of someone because they don’t fit into the ideal society
Deviance – any violation of norms, rules, or expectations within a society
Conformity – changing beliefs/behaviors to fit into society
norms:
Mores – ?
Folkways – ?
Mores – widely observed social norms
Folkways – norms that are polite in social interactions (shaking hands after tennis match)
Differential association theory ?
Strain theory – explains deviance as a natural reaction to the difference between social goals and social structure
Differential association theory – degree to which one is surrounded by ideals that adhere to social norms vs ideals that go against them
Strain theory – explains deviance as a natural reaction to the difference between social goals and social structure
conformity:
Internalization – ?
Identification – ?
Internalization – personally agreeing with group ideas
Identification – outwardly agreeing but not inwardly
Three components of attitude – ?
Three components of attitude – ABC; affective, behavioral, cognitive
Affective – the way a person feels towards something (emotional)
Behavioral – the way a person acts with respect to something
Cognitive – the way somebody thinks about something
- Functional attitudes theory: attitudes serve ___ functions
- Functional attitudes theory: attitudes serve four functions
- Knowledge – consistency and stability (a person who cares about politics can be predicted to vote in the next election)
- ego expression – solidify our self-identity
- Adaptation – ability to display socially acceptable attitudes
- ego defense – protect our self-esteem/justify actions that we know are wrong
elaborate likelihood model of attitude?
Social Cognitive theory of attitude? (three components)
- elaborate likelihood model
central route processing – elaborates deeply about information, thinks about its meaning and purpose
peripheral route processing – does not elaborate, focusing on superficial details like appearance, etc.
- Social Cognitive theory
- People learn how to behave by observing the behaviors of others
- Based on three components: behavior, personal factors and environment
Primary factors that influence EMOTION are (4)??
Primary factors that influence EMOTION are
- Instincts: innate, evolutionary motivation for people to behavior in a certain way
- Arousal: people perform actions to maintain arousal
-
Drives: internal states of tension that drive behavior based on goals
- Primary – bodily processes
- Secondary – learning/accomplishments/emotions
- NEEDs
Maslows Heirarchy of needs
(highest priority to lowest)
(highest priority to lowest)
- Physiological needs
- Safety and security
- Love and belonging
- Self esteem
- Self- actualization
Self-determination theory?
incentive theory of motivation –
expectancy-theory of motivation –
Self-determination theory – focuses on three universal needs; autonomy, competence, relatedness
incentive theory of motivation – motivation is pushed by desire for rewards and wanting to avoid punishment
expectancy-theory of motivation – motivation is based on expectation of how well they will perform task
opponent-process theory
opponent-process theory – explains the use of drugs
- As you keep taking the drug, your body counteracts and will increase tolerance and withdrawal symptoms
THREE ELEMENTS OF EMOTION:?
THREE ELEMENTS OF EMOTION:PCB
Physiological – changes in ANS
Cognitive – subjective interpretation of feelings being experienced
Behavioral – facial expressions/body language
theories of emotion:
- ??? – NS arousal leads to cognitive response
- ?????– simultaneous arousal of the NS and cognitive response lead to action
- ???? – NS and interpretation of context lead to cognitive response
- James-lange theory – NS arousal leads to cognitive response
- Cannon-bard – simultaneous arousal of the NS and cognitive response lead to action
- Schachter-singer – NS and interpretation of context lead to cognitive response
Explicit memories (episodic memories of the events that happened) – stored in
Implicit memories (the actual emotion felt) – stored in
Explicit memories (episodic memories of the events that happened) – stored in hippocampus in temporal lobe
Implicit memories (the actual emotion felt) – stored in amygdala
LEFT prefrontal cortex – associated with ____ emotions
RIGHT prefrontal cortex – associated with ____ emotions
LEFT prefrontal cortex – associated with positive emotions
RIGHT prefrontal cortex – associated with negative emotions
DORSAL prefrontal – responsible for what?
VENTRAL prefrontal – responsible for what?
VENTROMEDIAL prefrontal –
DORSAL prefrontal – attention/cognition
VENTRAL prefrontal – experiencing emotion
VENTROMEDIAL prefrontal – decision making
Two stages of appraisal of stress:
-
Primary –?
- Secondary – ?`
Two stages of appraisal of stress:
- Primary – classifying stress as irrelevant, stressful, positive
- Secondary – evaluating if organism can cope with that stress
General adaptation syndrome of stress– three stages
General adaptation syndrome – three stages
- Alarm – initial reaction to stressor, fight or flight NS
- Resistance – body continues to release hormones to combat stress
- Exhaustion – body can no longer maintain elevated response (which leads to medical problems)
