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PATHOMA/FA SYSTEMS > BEHAVIORAL > Flashcards

BEHAVIORAL Flashcards

1
Q

What study compares a group of ppl with a disease to a group of ppl without a disease? What can you calculate?

A

Case Control Study; Odds Ratio

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2
Q

What study compares a group with a given exposure or risk to a group without that exposure? What can you calculate?

A

Relative risk

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3
Q

What kind of study is relative risk associated with?

A

Cohort study–compares 2 groups, one with exposure to one without exposure

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4
Q

What kind of study is odds ratio associated with?

A

Case Control Study; compares 2 groups one with disease and one without

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5
Q

What is a case control study?

A

Compares 2 goups of ppl, one with dz and one without? Odds ratio calculated

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6
Q

What is a cohort study?

A

Study of 2 groups of ppl, one with exposure and one without and sees risk of dz development, calculate relative risk

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7
Q

What kind of study determines disease prevalence?

A

Cross-sectional study, it collects data from all ppl to assess frequency of dz

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8
Q

What can be calculated from a cross-sectional study?

A

Disease prevalence, this study is looking at the total number of ppl with the dz

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9
Q

What phase of a clinical trial involves a small number of healthy pts?

A

Phase I

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10
Q

What phase of a clinical trial involves a small number of pts with the dz of interest?

A

Phase II

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11
Q

What phase of a clinical trial involves a large number of pts randomly assigned to groups

A

Phase III

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12
Q

What phase of a clinical trial involves post-marketing surveillance?

A

Phase IV

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13
Q

What phase of a clinical trial compares the new treatment to the current standard of care?

A

Phase III

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14
Q

What is TP/(TP+FN)

A

Sensitivity (the true positive rate)? This is the proportion of ppl with the disease who test positive. That is the number of ppl who tested positive with the disease divided by the number of people who tested positive with the disease plus the ppl who SHOULD HAVE tested positive!

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15
Q

What is TN/ (TN + FP)?

A

Specificity, the true negative rate? Proportion of ppl who test negative that were negative divided by the people who test negative that should be negative plus those who should have been negative but were positive

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16
Q

How do you calculate sensitivity? PPV?

A

Sensitivity = TP/ (TP + FN)? PPV = TP/ (TP + FP)

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17
Q

How do you calculate specificity? NPV?

A

Specificity = TN/ (TN +FP) and NPV = TN/ (TN + FN)

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18
Q

What is the TP/(TP+FP)?

A

PPV (increases with increased prevalence)

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19
Q

What is the TN/ (TN + FN)?

A

NPV

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20
Q

How do you calculate incidence rate?

A

(# of new cases)/ population at risk

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21
Q

How do you calculate prevalence?

A

(# of existing cases)/ (population at risk)

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22
Q

What is the incidence X average disease duration?

A

prevalence (higher prevelance for more chronic disease)

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23
Q

Define an odds ratio?

A

Odds that the group with the disease was exposed divided by the odds that the group without the disease was exposed

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24
Q

How do you calculate odds ratio?

A

AD/BC i.e. [(A/C)/(B/D)]

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25
Q

How do you calculate relative risk?

A

[(a/(a+b))/(c/(c+d))]

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26
Q

How is the attributable risk calculation similar to that of the relative risk calculation?

A

It is the difference between the numerator and the denominator

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27
Q

How do you calculate attributable risk?

A

(a/(a+b))- (c/(c+d))

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28
Q

Explain in words what the attributable risk means

A

It is the difference in risk between an exposed group and an unexposed group

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29
Q

What is absolute risk reduction?

A

The difference in risk of ppl given a Tx vs. those with placebo? i.e. 7% occurrence in placebo but only 5% with Tx = a 2% absolute risk reduction

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30
Q

What is 1/ARR (absolute risk reduction)?

A

The number needed to treat, i.e. the number of ppl to treat for one person to benefit

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31
Q

How do you calculate the number needed to treat?

A

1/ARR? Where ARR is the difference between the risk of a group given a Tx vs. a group given placebo

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32
Q

What is 1/attributable risk?

A

The number needed to harm

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33
Q

How do you calculate the number needed to harm?

A

1/attibutable risk? Where attributable risk = a/(a+b) - c/(c+d)? That is the difference in risk between an exposed group and an unexposed group

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34
Q

What reduces precision in a test?

A

Random error

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35
Q

What reduces accuracy in a test?

A

systematic error

36
Q

What is Berkson’s bias?

A

Loss to follow up, a form of selection bias

37
Q

Nonrandom assignment to participation in a study group

A

Selection bias

38
Q

What is recall bias

A

Knowledge of presence of disorder alters recall

39
Q

What is sampling bias

A

subjects not representative of general population

40
Q

What is the difference between sampling bias and selection bias?

A

Sampling bias is when the group tested is not representative of the population; Selection bias is when there is NONrandom assignment

41
Q

What kind of bias is when there is a survey to analyze suicide?

A

Late look bias

42
Q

What kind of bias occurs if ppl in 2 diff groups are treated differently?

A

Procedure bias

43
Q

What occurs when the group studied changes its behavior owing to the knowledge of being studied

A

Hawthorne effect

44
Q

How do you reduce confounding bias

A

matching? not sure what that means, go with it; crossover studies as well, each group acts as its own control

45
Q

Mean>median>mode

A

positive skew

46
Q

mean<mode

A

negative skew

47
Q

Asymmetry with longer tail on right

A

positive skew

48
Q

Asymmetry with longer tail on left

A

negative skew

49
Q

stating there is an effect or difference when none exists

A

Type I error (alpha error)

50
Q

Stating there is not an effect when one does exist

A

Type II error (beta error)

51
Q

Why does it make sense that Power = 1- B

A

Because power is the probability that a test will detect an error when one truly exists? Since beta is the probability of making a type 2 error and a type 2 error is the probability of stating that there is no difference when one exists this makes sense

52
Q

What is beta?

A

The probability of comitting a type II error

53
Q

What is alpha?

A

The probability of comitting a type I error

54
Q

How do you increase the likelihood of rejecting the null hypothesis when it is in fact, false?

A

increase sample size, expected effect size, or precision of test? This is how you increase POWER

55
Q

What is Z for the 95% CI? The 99% CI?

A

1.96; 2.58

56
Q

What is it called when you square pearson’s correlation coefficient?

A

Coefficient of determination

57
Q

What is primary disease prevention?

A

prevent OCCURRENCE, i.e. vaccinate

58
Q

What is secondary disease prevention?

A

Early detection, i.e. Pap smear

59
Q

What is tertiary disease prevention?

A

Reduce the disability of the disease i.e. chemo and palliative care

60
Q

When and how can written consent be revoked by the pt?

A

ANY time, even orally

61
Q

5 times you don?t need parental consent for minor

A

1) STD 2) Addiction issues 3) Pregnancy related 4) Emergency 5) prescribing birth control

62
Q

What are the rules for revoking power of attorney?

A

Pt can do it ANYTIME even if not competent

63
Q

Who is the most important surrogate decision maker

A

spouse, then children, then parent, then adult sibling

64
Q

What is the main thing you should do if pt has difficulty taking meds?

A

provide written instructions

65
Q

What do you do when a child wants to know more about his or her illness?

A

Parents decide how much info to give

66
Q

What if a pt who has a mastectomy feels ugly?

A

Ask why they feel this way, don’t give false hope

67
Q

An Apgar score less than 4 later in time increases risk of what?

A

neurological damage

68
Q

What defines low birth weight?

A

under 2500 g

69
Q

When should a baby develop a social smile?

A

3 months

70
Q

What should a baby develop stranger anxiety?

A

7-9 months

71
Q

When should a baby develop separation anxiety?

A

12-15 months

72
Q

At what age should the baby move away from, and then return to, the mother

A

Rapprochement occurs at age 12-24 mo

73
Q

When should a baby be able to walk?

A

12-15 months

74
Q

How do you know how many blocks a baby should be able to stack?

A

Age in years X 3 blocks (3 at 1 yr, 6 at 2, and 9 at 3

75
Q

Calculate BMI

A

Weight in Kg/ (height in m)^2

76
Q

BATS Drink Blood

A

Eyes open = Beta; Eyes closed = alpha, NREM1 = theta; NREM 2 = sleep spindle (and K complex); NREM 3 = Delta; REM = Beta

77
Q

What nucleus is key to initiating sleep?

A

Raphe nucleus (serotonergic predominance)

78
Q

What is the preferred Tx of nocturnal enuresis?

A

DDAVP > imipramine due to tricyclic AE (convulsions, coma, and cardio)

79
Q

Where is most of the night spend in sleep?

A

N2

80
Q

Where does enuresis and night terror occur?

A

N3

81
Q

DOC for night terrors and sleepwalking?

A

Benzos

82
Q

What is the principal neurotransmitter in REM?

A

Ach

83
Q

What causes the REM of REM?

A

PPRF acitivity = Paramedian pontine reticular formation

84
Q

What’s the deal with REM in depressed ppl?

A

Increased early in the night and increased in general

85
Q

Nighttime Tx of narcolepsy

A

Sodium oxybate

86
Q

Daytime Tx of narcolepsy

A

Amphetamines and modafinil

PATHOMA/FA SYSTEMS (10 decks)

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