Behavior Therapy

Question 1

Define the term behavior

Answer 1

Includes motor behavior, physiological responses, emotions, and cognitions.

Question 2

Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy

Answer 2

Blends traditional behavioral methods with cognitive methods.

Question 3

Behavior therapy focuses on

Answer 3

changing behavior. It aims to decrease the frequency of maladaptive behaviors and increase the frequency of adaptive, or helpful behaviors.

Question 4

Behaviors as assumed to have a

Answer 4

function. Behaviors result from patterns of reinforcement and punishment from the environment.

Question 5

Behavioral problems are rooted in the

Answer 5

environment. Because behavior therapists view problem behaviors as understandable given their context, clients are not blamed for their behaviors or problems.

Question 6

Behavior therapy is not concerned with

Answer 6

helping a client understand early developmental events that may have se the stage for the problem.

Question 7

Treatment focuses on

Answer 7

changing the current determinants of behavior, which may include contingencies in the environment, as well as maladaptive learned behavior.

Question 8

Behavior therapy is supported by

Answer 8

research. It is the most extensively researched form of psychotherapy. It is effective treating anxiety disorders, depression, eating disorders, schizophrenia, addiction, and behavioral disorders in children, among others.

Question 9

Behavior therapy is

Answer 9

active. The therapist provides frequent advice and suggestions.

Question 10

Behavior therapy is a _________ approach.

Answer 10

directive. The client is actively engaged practicing behavioral strategies within the session and also as homework throughout the course of treatment.

Question 11

Behavior therapy is

Answer 11

transparent. The client is an active partner in the therapy process, including setting treatment goals and setting the agenda for each session.

Question 12

Costa and McCrae’s (1992) five-factor model of the core domains of personality.

Answer 12

1. Openness (i.e. curious vs. cautious)
2. Conscientiousness (i.e. organized vs. careless or easygoing
3. Extraversion (outgoing vs. solitary or reserved)
4. Agreeableness (compassionate vs. cold or unkind)
5. Neuroticism (sensitive or anxious vs. secure or confident)

Question 13

Behaviorists believe that behavior is influenced primarily by ___________ in the ________________.

Answer 13

variables in the environment (such as reinforcement, punishment, classical conditioning).

Question 14

Most behaviorists acknowledge the importance of stable ___________ _____________ affecting behavior, which are influenced by an individual’s learning history and ___________ ___________.

Answer 14

temperamental characteristics

biological makeup

Question 15

Behavior therapy aims to help clients by providing them corrective learning experiences that lead to changes in behavior, broadly defined, including _________, _________, and __________ ____________.

Answer 15

cognitive, emotional, and physiological responses.

Question 16

Much of the change that happens in behavior therapy is thought to occur as a result of ______ ________.

Answer 16

homework practices (completed between sessions).

Question 17

Name five therapists factors which contribute to positive outcomes in psychotherapy.

Answer 17

1. Empathy
2. Positive Regard
3. Congruence
4. Genuineness
5. Self-Disclosure

Question 18

Motivational Interviewing

Answer 18

A therapy designed to strengthen a person’s motivation and commitment to change. Used to improve outcomes during CBT for substance abuse problems, eating disorders, anxiety disorders, and other issues.

Question 19

Classical Conditioning

Answer 19

(also known as Pavlovian conditioning) A conditioned stimulus signals the occurrence of an unconditioned stimulus. Coming to expect the occurrence of an unconditioned stimulus when exposed to a conditioned stimulus is a conditioned response. (An example is someone who craves drugs when in a particular situation.).

Question 20

Extinction (Part of Classical Conditioning)

Answer 20

The presentation of a conditioned stimulus in the absence of an unconditioned stimulus so the conditioned response stops. (An example would be confronting a feared situation by repeated exposure of it without anything bad happening.)

Question 21

Reinstatement (Part of Classical Conditioning)

Answer 21

Subsequently re-pairing an unconditioned stimulus with a conditioned stimulus. If this happens after extinction, the fear would return in the example provided.

Question 22

Operant Conditioning: Two Primary Examples

Answer 22

Reinforcement and Punishment

Question 23

Two Types of Reinforcement

Answer 23

Positive Reinforcement

Negative Reinforcement

Question 24

Positive Reinforcement

Answer 24

Occurs when a behavior is followed by a stimulus that is rewarding, such as food, money, attention.

Question 25

Negative Reinforcement

Answer 25

(Escape)
Occurs when a behavior is followed by the removal of an aversive stimulus. (Alcoholics and drug addicts are negatively reinforced for their drug use whenever they use their drug to reduce uncomfortable withdrawal symptoms.)

Question 26

Two types of punishment in Operant Conditioning

Answer 26

Positive punishment

Negative punishment

Question 27

Positive punishment (Operant Conditioning)

Answer 27

Occurs when a behavior is followed by an aversive consequence such as being hit, yelled at, or fired from a job.

Question 28

Negative punishment (Operant Conditioning)

Answer 28

Occurs when a behavior is followed by the removal of a desired stimulus such as a decrease in weekly allowance after misbehaving at school, or not being allowed to eat dessert after refusing to eat one’s vegetables.

Question 29

Extinction in Operant Conditioning

Answer 29

Extinction in operant conditioning refers to a behavior that stops occurring because it is no longer followed by a positive consequence. (A child stops throwing tantrums when they no longer get what they want.)

Question 30

Discrimination Learning (in Operant Conditioning)

Answer 30

Occurs when a response is reinforced or punished in one situation but not in another. Discrimination learning can explain why people behave differently in some situations than others.

Question 31

Generalization (in Operant Conditioning)

Answer 31

Generalization refers to the occurrence of a learned behavior in situations other than those where the behavior was acquired. (Someone who was robbed in a park at night might be fearful in other public situations, at other times of the day. )

Question 32

Vicarious Learning

Answer 32

(Also known as Observational Learning)
Refers to learning about environmental contingencies by watching the behavior of others. (Witness a car accident may trigger a fear of driving.)

Question 33

Rule-Governed Behavior

Answer 33

(Also known as Instructional Learning)
People can learn about contingencies indirectly through information that they hear or read without ever experiencing them firsthand. (A person might dislike someone he has never met but has heard negative gossip about this person.)

Question 34

Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy

Answer 34

Albert Ellis (included the introduction of cognitive techniques)

Question 35

Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy

Answer 35

First introduced by Cyril Franks

Question 36

The modeling of desired behavior i.e. by parents and therapists

Answer 36

Albert Bandura

Question 37

Social-Cognitive Theory

Answer 37

Albert Bandura

Question 38

What is Acceptance-Based Behavioral Therapy?

Answer 38

Emphasizes the importance of accepting unwanted thoughts, feelings, and emotions rather than trying to control or directly change them.

Question 39

ACT

Answer 39

Acceptance and Commitment Therapy

Question 40

What treatment involves teaching clients to become more aware of what is most important to them and to begin to shift their behaviors to live in a way that is more consistent with their values?

Answer 40

Acceptance-based treatment, especially ACT (Acceptance and Commitment Therapy)

Question 41

What is the psychological treatment of choice for most forms of psychopathology?

Answer 41

Behavioral therapies

Question 42

Therapists are combining behavioral and cognitive therapies with acceptance-based strategies.

Answer 42

Therapists are combining behavioral and cognitive therapies with acceptance-based strategies.