Behavior Therapy Flashcards
Define the term behavior
Includes motor behavior, physiological responses, emotions, and cognitions.
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy
Blends traditional behavioral methods with cognitive methods.
Behavior therapy focuses on
changing behavior. It aims to decrease the frequency of maladaptive behaviors and increase the frequency of adaptive, or helpful behaviors.
Behaviors as assumed to have a
function. Behaviors result from patterns of reinforcement and punishment from the environment.
Behavioral problems are rooted in the
environment. Because behavior therapists view problem behaviors as understandable given their context, clients are not blamed for their behaviors or problems.
Behavior therapy is not concerned with
helping a client understand early developmental events that may have se the stage for the problem.
Treatment focuses on
changing the current determinants of behavior, which may include contingencies in the environment, as well as maladaptive learned behavior.
Behavior therapy is supported by
research. It is the most extensively researched form of psychotherapy. It is effective treating anxiety disorders, depression, eating disorders, schizophrenia, addiction, and behavioral disorders in children, among others.
Behavior therapy is
active. The therapist provides frequent advice and suggestions.
Behavior therapy is a _________ approach.
directive. The client is actively engaged practicing behavioral strategies within the session and also as homework throughout the course of treatment.
Behavior therapy is
transparent. The client is an active partner in the therapy process, including setting treatment goals and setting the agenda for each session.
Costa and McCrae’s (1992) five-factor model of the core domains of personality.
- Openness (i.e. curious vs. cautious)
- Conscientiousness (i.e. organized vs. careless or easygoing
- Extraversion (outgoing vs. solitary or reserved)
- Agreeableness (compassionate vs. cold or unkind)
- Neuroticism (sensitive or anxious vs. secure or confident)
Behaviorists believe that behavior is influenced primarily by ___________ in the ________________.
variables in the environment (such as reinforcement, punishment, classical conditioning).
Most behaviorists acknowledge the importance of stable ___________ _____________ affecting behavior, which are influenced by an individual’s learning history and ___________ ___________.
temperamental characteristics
biological makeup
Behavior therapy aims to help clients by providing them corrective learning experiences that lead to changes in behavior, broadly defined, including _________, _________, and __________ ____________.
cognitive, emotional, and physiological responses.
Much of the change that happens in behavior therapy is thought to occur as a result of ______ ________.
homework practices (completed between sessions).
Name five therapists factors which contribute to positive outcomes in psychotherapy.
- Empathy
- Positive Regard
- Congruence
- Genuineness
- Self-Disclosure
Motivational Interviewing
A therapy designed to strengthen a person’s motivation and commitment to change. Used to improve outcomes during CBT for substance abuse problems, eating disorders, anxiety disorders, and other issues.
Classical Conditioning
(also known as Pavlovian conditioning) A conditioned stimulus signals the occurrence of an unconditioned stimulus. Coming to expect the occurrence of an unconditioned stimulus when exposed to a conditioned stimulus is a conditioned response. (An example is someone who craves drugs when in a particular situation.).
Extinction (Part of Classical Conditioning)
The presentation of a conditioned stimulus in the absence of an unconditioned stimulus so the conditioned response stops. (An example would be confronting a feared situation by repeated exposure of it without anything bad happening.)
Reinstatement (Part of Classical Conditioning)
Subsequently re-pairing an unconditioned stimulus with a conditioned stimulus. If this happens after extinction, the fear would return in the example provided.
Operant Conditioning: Two Primary Examples
Reinforcement and Punishment
Two Types of Reinforcement
Positive Reinforcement
Negative Reinforcement
Positive Reinforcement
Occurs when a behavior is followed by a stimulus that is rewarding, such as food, money, attention.
Negative Reinforcement
(Escape)
Occurs when a behavior is followed by the removal of an aversive stimulus. (Alcoholics and drug addicts are negatively reinforced for their drug use whenever they use their drug to reduce uncomfortable withdrawal symptoms.)
Two types of punishment in Operant Conditioning
Positive punishment
Negative punishment
Positive punishment (Operant Conditioning)
Occurs when a behavior is followed by an aversive consequence such as being hit, yelled at, or fired from a job.
Negative punishment (Operant Conditioning)
Occurs when a behavior is followed by the removal of a desired stimulus such as a decrease in weekly allowance after misbehaving at school, or not being allowed to eat dessert after refusing to eat one’s vegetables.
Extinction in Operant Conditioning
Extinction in operant conditioning refers to a behavior that stops occurring because it is no longer followed by a positive consequence. (A child stops throwing tantrums when they no longer get what they want.)
Discrimination Learning (in Operant Conditioning)
Occurs when a response is reinforced or punished in one situation but not in another. Discrimination learning can explain why people behave differently in some situations than others.
Generalization (in Operant Conditioning)
Generalization refers to the occurrence of a learned behavior in situations other than those where the behavior was acquired. (Someone who was robbed in a park at night might be fearful in other public situations, at other times of the day. )
Vicarious Learning
(Also known as Observational Learning)
Refers to learning about environmental contingencies by watching the behavior of others. (Witness a car accident may trigger a fear of driving.)
Rule-Governed Behavior
(Also known as Instructional Learning)
People can learn about contingencies indirectly through information that they hear or read without ever experiencing them firsthand. (A person might dislike someone he has never met but has heard negative gossip about this person.)
Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy
Albert Ellis (included the introduction of cognitive techniques)
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy
First introduced by Cyril Franks
The modeling of desired behavior i.e. by parents and therapists
Albert Bandura
Social-Cognitive Theory
Albert Bandura
What is Acceptance-Based Behavioral Therapy?
Emphasizes the importance of accepting unwanted thoughts, feelings, and emotions rather than trying to control or directly change them.
ACT
Acceptance and Commitment Therapy
What treatment involves teaching clients to become more aware of what is most important to them and to begin to shift their behaviors to live in a way that is more consistent with their values?
Acceptance-based treatment, especially ACT (Acceptance and Commitment Therapy)
What is the psychological treatment of choice for most forms of psychopathology?
Behavioral therapies
Therapists are combining behavioral and cognitive therapies with acceptance-based strategies.
Therapists are combining behavioral and cognitive therapies with acceptance-based strategies.
