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Behavior > Behavior final > Flashcards

Behavior final Flashcards

1
Q

SSRI mechanism of action and uses?

A

blocks the reuptake of serotonin at the presynaptic terminal
used to reduce anxiety, aggression related to impulse control or anxiety, OCD, urine marking/ inappropriate urination

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2
Q

Examples of SSRIs

A

Fluoxetine (Prozac), Sertaline (Zoloft), Paroxetine (Parxil), Reconcile?

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3
Q

SSRI side effects

A

GI upset- Fluoxetine can cause anorexia, Paroxetine can cause constipation, Sertraline can cause vomiting and diarrhea, lethargy, hyperexcitability (paroxetine)

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4
Q

Azapirones (Buspirone/ BuSpar) mechanism of action and uses

A

Non-sedating anxiolytic, partial agonist of serotonin and dopamine, used to manage urine marking/ soiling, mild chronic fears and anxieties ex. fear of humans and separation anxiety

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5
Q

Benzodiazepines mechanism of action and uses

A

Increases binding of GABA by increasing the rate of channel opening
Used for acute management of anxiety, manages fear without aggression and phobias

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6
Q

Benzodiazepine side effects

A

hepatic necrosis in cats, sedation, muscle relaxation, hyperphagia, behavioral disinhibition, ataxia

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7
Q

Examples of Benzodiazepines

A

Diazepam, Alprazolam, Clonazepam, Lorazepam, Chlroazepate

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8
Q

Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors mechanism of action and uses

A

prevent breakdown of monoamines (dopamine, adrenaline norepinephrine, serotonin), antidepressant, inhibition of MAO-B used to prevent neurodegenerative processes and improve cognitive function

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9
Q

Example of a selective MAO-B drug

A

anipryl

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10
Q

Which is more sedating TCAs of MAOs

A

TCAs

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11
Q

TCA mechanism of action and uses

A

Inhibits reuptake of serotonin AND norepinephrine and are antidepressants

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12
Q

Examples of TCAs

A

Amitriptyline (Elanil), Clomipramine (Anafril)

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13
Q

Side effects of TCAs

A

sedation and GI upset, dry mouth (dental disease), mydriasis, decrease tear production, urinary retention, dizziness, vasoconstriction, smooth muscle contraction, arrhythmias, stroke,

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14
Q

Alpha-2 agonists mechanism of action and uses

A

Inhibits release of NE and decreases sympathetic tone, centrally acting (locus ceruleus), reduces fear and panic responses, decreases blood pressure, heart rate and peripheral resistance, blocks pain signals, in CNS works as anxiolytic, sedative, and analgesic

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15
Q

Examples of alpha-2 agonists

A

Clonidine and Dexmedetomidine (SILEO)

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16
Q

what are 3 uses for clonidine

A

Treatment of fear and anxiety, as an adjunctive for pain, and used for hypertension and Glaucoma.

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17
Q

What is Dexmedetomidine (SILEO) approved for?

A

Use of noise aversion in dogs

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18
Q

What is the mechanism of action of SARIs and what is an example of one

A

Antagonizes serotonin 2 reuptake, alpha-1 adrenergic antagonism, and antihistamine properties, trazodone

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19
Q

Antipsychotic (neuroleptic) agents (aka Acepromazine) mechanism of action and uses

A

blocks dopamine receptors in basal ganglia and limbic system and some block serotonin receptors too- depresses the reticular activating system and regions of brain that control thermoregulation, basal metabolic rate, emesis, vasomotor tone, cause behavioral quieting, antiemetic, but no anxiolytic effects!

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20
Q

Acepromazine side effects

A

inability to control movements and may cause aggression use caution if animal has history of seizures, hepatic disfunction, renal imbalance, cardiac disease, are young or geriatric, pregnant, giant breed, boxers, and greyhounds

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21
Q

Gabapentin mechanism of action

A

analog of GABA but doesn’t alter binding, reuptake, or degradation (not a GABA-agonist in vivo), binds to the calcium channels and inhibit calcium influx and inhibits release of excitatory neurotransmitters

22
Q

Gabapentin side effects

A

sedation, ataxia, and dysphoria

23
Q

pregabalin uses

A

more potent anticonvulsant and anti-nociceptive agent

24
Q

What drugs are approved for helping canine separation anxiety

A

Reconcile(fluoxetine), Clomicalm (clomipramine),

25
Q

What drug is approved for improving canine cognitive function

A

Anipryl (selegeline)

26
Q

What drug is approved for use with canine noise aversion

A

Sileo (dexmedetomine)

27
Q

What drug is approved for use with canine noise phobia

A

Pelion (impitoin)

28
Q

What drugs pose a risk for behavioral disinhibition in patients

A

Benzodiazepines (Diazepam, Alprazolam, Lorazepam, Imepitoin), Acepromazine

29
Q

What are good medicines for treatment of acute phobias and how long do they take to work?

A

Benzodiazepines (30 mis before), Gabapentin (2 hours before), Trazadone (2 hours before), Alpha-2 agonists- Clonidine (2 hours before) and Dexmedetomidine (30 mins before), Acepromazine (30 mins before)

30
Q

What are good maintenance behavior drugs

A

TCAs, SSRIs

31
Q

A cat perches on the edge of the litter box when using it, what could be the problem?

A

The box is dirty or the cat doesn’t like the substrate

32
Q

Which is more likely to have an issue with marking male or female cats?

A

males

33
Q

A dog gets nervous whenever the wind picks, it gets darker, and the barometric pressure changes. What do these events represent for this dog’s thunderstorm phobia

A

These have become conditioned stimuli that indicate the arrival of the unconditioned stimuli of the thunderstorm which results in the nervousness which is now a conditioned response.

34
Q

What are the common symptoms before owners leave of separation anxiety

A

Pet may be hiding, look anxious or depressed, follow the owner around, refuse to enter crate, or prevent owner from leaving

35
Q

Will getting a “friend” (another pet) help a dog with separation anxiety?

A

no

36
Q

What are some “learning principals” used to modify behavior for separation anxiety

A

No delayed corrections, minimize departures and arrivals, can use a “safety signal” to indicate you will come back (don’t use for long absences until working up to it)

37
Q

What are the differentials for human directed aggression

A

neurological conditions, sensory deficits, liver disease, conditions causing pain

38
Q

In dogs what are the gender predispositions for household aggression? How about cats?

A

Female vs. Female is most common in dogs, and intact males are more likely to be aggressive compared to neutered. Cats have no gender predisposition

39
Q

What physical changes are associated with canine cognitive dysfunction

A

ventricle dilation, decrease of brain size and mass, decrease of blood flow and neurons, meningeal fibrosis, and degeneration of white matter

40
Q

What are the chemical changes associated with canine cognitive disfunction

A

decreased neurotransmitters and increased MAO (monoamine oxidase- breakdown of monoamines (dopamine, adrenaline norepinephrine, serotonin)

41
Q

What are changes one may see with canine cognitive dysfunction

A

failure of house training, difficulty with spacial orientation and object discrimination, changed social behavior, affects sleep/wake cycles, alterations in routine, appetite, and hygiene

42
Q

How many dogs by the age of 11 have cognitive dysfunction and how many cats by age 16

A

13% of dogs by age 11 and 50% of cats by age 16

43
Q

What is a good drug combo for anti-anxiety before veterinary visits

A

Trazadone plus gabapentin (2-3 hours before visit)
OR clonidine OR dexmedatomidine instead of trazodone OR pregabalin instead of gabapentin

44
Q

Which type of drugs interfere with learning (have amnestic effects?)

A

event drugs (fast acting)- benzodiazepines and acepromaine

45
Q

What are benefits of combining drugs

A

you can use lower doses, better effects, can help when maintenance and acute treatment is needed, or if there are multiple diagnoses

46
Q

How do barbiturates work?

A

They prolong channel opening of the GABAa channel

47
Q

What can happen if you activate Alpha-1 adrenoceptors?

A

You can functionally antagonize the alpha-2 CNS responses (means you should use compounds with high selectivity for alpha-2-adrenoceptors), if antagonized may see high heart rate and blood pressure and will increase anxiety

48
Q

What is trazodone used for

A

Storm phobia, situational anxiety, nocturnal behavior, sleep apnea

49
Q

What should you not use busbar to control because it can increase it

A

Inter-cat agression

50
Q

What is serotonin syndrome?

A

Combinations of drugs that increase serotonin levels and can cause motor abnormalities, increase cardiovascular, can impact mental status (confusion, coma, agitation, anxiety), gastrointestinal issues

Behavior (1 decks)

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