Behavior

Question 1

Behaviors

Answer 1

actions in response to stimuli, almost all organisms exhibit some form of behavior
- all behaviors are ENCODED BY GENES and are therefore SUBJECTED TO THE EVOLUTIONARY PROCESS

Question 2

Behavior: Proximate Cause

Answer 2

the immediate reasons for a behavior
(the HOW the action occurs)
- EX: GENES are proximate cause that produce proteins, which are the basis for behavior and the body

Question 3

Behavior: Ultimate Cause

Answer 3

the evolutionary reasons for a behavior (the WHY the action occurs)
- EX: NATURAL SELECTION is an ultimate cause that is responsible for genes

Question 4

Stimulus

Answer 4

change in an organism’s internal or external environment that causes a physical or behavioral response

Question 5

Cost-Benefit Analysis

Answer 5

can help us understand how behaviors that do not seem immediately advantageous can be sustained over time in a pop
- behaviors can be costly (WOULD ENACT NATURAL SELECTION) and beneficial (WOULD INCREASE SURVIVAL)

Question 6

Altruism

Answer 6

behavior that benefits another at a cost to to the focal individuals (CB Analysis includes relatedness between the altruist and recipient)

Question 7

Individual Fitness

Answer 7

number of offspring an individual produces

Question 8

Inclusive Fitness

Answer 8

measure of how well an individual can pass on their genes to the next generation, including the genes shared with relatives

Question 9

Inclusive Fitness Formula

Answer 9

IF = (individual fitness)+(relatedness x fitness of relative)

Question 10

Relationship Relatedness

Answer 10

• Self (100%)
• Father/Mother (50%)
• Offspring (50%)
• Sibling (50%)
• 1/2 Sibling (25%)
• Niece/Nephew (25%)
• Cousin (12%)
• Stranger (0%)

Question 11

Hamilton’s Rule

Answer 11

altruism can occur via natural selection if rB>C

Question 12

Sexual Selection

Answer 12

• selection that favors traits that increase the ability to find mates; acts more strongly on sex, typically males
• the cost of natural selection of some behaviors is outweighed by the benefit of sexual selection

Question 13

HR: r

Answer 13

fraction of shared genes between the altruist and recipient (coefficient of relatedness)

Question 14

HR: B

Answer 14

the average number extra offspring beneficiary produces (benefit)

Question 15

HR: C

Answer 15

how many fewer offspring altruist produces (cost)