Begrippen Flashcards
accessibility universal
The highest level of universality, which states that a given psychological process exists in all cultures, is used to solve the same problems acrosscultures, and is accessible to the same degree across cultures.
acculturation
The process of adapting to, learning, or borrowing traits from another culture different from one’s own original culture.
agent-based modeling
A way of testing a hypothesis by creating simulations with virtual agents who are programmed to act autonomously in a computerized game.
agonias
A culture-bound syndrome and anxiety disorder, most common in Portugal and the Azores, that can include a wide array of symptoms, such as a burning sensation, loss of breath, hysterical blindness, sleep problems, and eating disorders.
agreeableness
A personality trait that indicates how warm, pleasant, and considerate
a person is.
altruistic punishment
Incurring a cost to oneself in order to punish someone who isn’t
cooperating with the group.
amok
A culture-bound syndrome, most common in Southeast Asia, in which a person has a sudden outburst of unrestrained behavior or violence, followed by exhaustion and amnesia.
analytic thinking
A type of thinking characterized by a focus on objects and their attributes.
anorexia nervosa
An eating disorder characterized by a refusal to maintain a normal body weight, an intense fear of gaining weight, and a denial of the seriousness of abnormally low body weight.
anxious-ambivalent attachment
An attachment style in which infants show frequent distress when their mother is either present or absent.
assimilation strategy
An acculturation strategy that involves efforts to fit in and fully participate in the host culture, while making little or no effort to maintain the traditions of the heritage culture.
ataques de nervios
A culture-bound syndrome, most common in Puerto Ricans, in which emotionally charged incidents cause convulsions, loss of consciousness, heart palpitations, numbness, and a sense of heat rising to the head.
attachment theory
A theory proposing that the relationships formed in adulthood are shaped by the nature of the bonds formed with primary caregivers during infancy and early childhood. The three main attachment styles are secure attachment, avoidant attachment, and anxious-ambivalent attachment.
authoritarian parenting
A parenting style that places high demands on children, with strict rules, low levels of warmth, and little open dialogue.
authoritative parenting
Child-centered parenting, in which parents try to understand their children’s feelings but encourage them to be independent while maintaining controls on their behavior.
authority ranking
A relational model in which people are linearly ordered along a hierarchical social dimension, in which higher ranking people have prestige and privileges while those ranking lower do not.
autonomy ideal
A moral principle that young children should sleep alone in order to learn self-reliance.
avoidant attachment
An attachment style in which infants show little distress in response to their mother’s absence and avoid her when she returns.
back-translation
A method of translating research materials from one language to another; a professional translates materials from language A to language B, then a different translator translates the materials back from B to A. The original and twice-translated versions are compared, to identify and resolve any discrepancies.
basking in the reflected glory
emphasizing one’s connection to successful others in order to feel better about oneself; sharing in the warm glow of their success
between-groups manipulation
a type of experimental manipulation in which different groups of participants receive different levels of the independent variable(s).
bicultural identity integration
The extent to which a bicultural person’s two cultural identities are compatible or in opposition to each other.
blending
The tendency for bicultural people to show psychological characteristics in between those of their two cultures.
bulimia nervosa
An eating disorder characterized by recurring episodes of binge eating, along with inappropriate behaviors to prevent weight gain, such as induced vomiting, at least twice a week for 3 months.
categorical perception
Perceiving stimuli as belonging to separate and discrete categories, even though the stimuli may gradually differ from each other along a continuum.
cognitive dissonance
The distressing feeling that accompanies the awareness that one is behaving inconsistently, or against one’s sense of self-consistency.
collectivistic culture
A culture with many practices, institutions, and customs encouraging individuals to place relatively more emphasis on collective goals than individual ones.
color-blind approach
Looking beyond ethnic or cultural background and focusing on common human nature.
communal sharing
A relational model in which the members of a group emphasize their common identity, and each person has the same rights and privileges.
compensatory self-enhancement
Compensating for performing poorly by focusing on success in another area.
conscientiousness
A personality trait that indicates how responsible, dependable, and self-disciplined a person is.
contemporary legend
A fictional story told in modern societies as if it were true. Also called urban legend.
co-sleeping
The practice of children sharing the same bed with their caregivers
cultural competence
The ability of psychotherapists to recognize their own cultural influences, have knowledge about the cultural background of their clients, and apply skills to intervene in therapy sessions in relevant and culturally sensitive ways
cultural distance
The difference between two cultures in their overall ways of life; a factor in the acculturation process.
cultural fit
The degree to which an individual’s personality is compatible with the host culture’s dominant cultural values; a factor in the acculturation process.
cultural priming
A method used in cross-cultural comparisons that makes ideas associated with particular cultural meanings more accessible to participants.
cultural worlds
Worlds that contain cultural ideas that have accumulated over time.
culture-bound syndrome
A group of psychological symptoms that appear to be greatly influenced by cultural factors, and therefore occur far less often in some cultures than others, or manifest in highly diverse ways across cultures. Also called cultural concept of distress.
culture ofhonor
A culture in which people (especially men) strive to protect their reputation through aggression.
culture shock
The feeling of being anxious, helpless, irritable, and generally disoriented and homesick due to moving to a new culture. Also called crisis stage.
dependent variable
In an experiment, the variable affected by manipulation of the independent variable.
deprivation effect
A tendency for people to value something more when it is lacking in their culture.
dhatsyndrome
A culture-bound syndrome, most common in South Asia, in which men develop morbid anxiety about concerns that they are leaking and losing semen.
discounting
Reducing the perceived importance of a poor performance, in order to feel better.
display rules
The culturally specific rules that govern which facial expressions are appropriate in a given situation and how intensely they should be exhibited.
dispositional attribution
Explaining people’s behavior in terms of their inner qualities, such as personality traits.
distal cause
An initial difference that leads to effects over long periods of time, often through an indirect relationship.
downward social comparison
Comparing one’s performance with the performance of someone who is doing worse.
dynamic social impact theory
A theory stating that individuals influence each other through their interactions, leading to clusters of like-minded people separated by geography.
entity theory of self
A view of the self in which a person’s abilities and traits are innate features that cannot be changed.
entity theory of the world
A view of the environment as being fixed and beyond an individual’s ability to make changes.
epidemiological paradox
The fact that Latinos have surprisingly good health despite their lower-than-average socioeconomic status.
equality matching
A relational model based on the idea of balance and reciprocity, in which people keep track of what is exchanged; they are motivated to pay back in equivalent turns.
ethnocentrism
Evaluating people from other cultures by comparing them to the standards of one’s own culture.
evoked culture
The idea that all people, regardless of where they are from, have a biologically based repertoire of behaviors that are accessible to them, and that these behaviors are engaged for appropriate situations.
existential universal
The second-lowest level ofuniversality, which states that a given psychological process exists in all cultures, although it is not necessarily used to solve the same problems across cultures, nor is it equally accessible across cultures.
external attribution
Interpreting the reason for an action or event as being caused by something outside of oneself.
extraversion
A personality trait that indicates how outgoing, social, or dominant a person is.
face
the amount of social value others give an individual if he or she lives up to the standards associated with his or her position.
female chastity anxiety
A moral principle that unmarried adolescent women are vulnerable to shameful sexual activity, so they should always be chaperoned.
field dependence
The tendency to view objects as bound to their backgrounds.
field independence
The tendency to separate objects from their backgrounds.
five-factor model of personality
A model of five core traits underlying personality: openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism. Also called Big Five.
frame-switching
Referring to multicultural people, alternating between different cultural selves.
French paradox
The fact that despite eating a cuisine that’s rich in fat, French people have relatively low rates of obesity and heart disease, and a relatively long lifespan.
frigophobia
A culture-bound syndrome, most common in China, characterized by a morbid fear of catching a cold, leading people to dress themselves in heavy coats and scarves even in summer
functional universal
The second-highest level of universality, which states that a given psychological process exists in all cultures and is used to solve the same problems across cultures, but is more accessible to people from some cultures than others.
