Begrepp Längre Svar

Question 1

What is the biopsychosocial framework?

Answer 1

Complex interaction of psychological, social, and physical processes

This framework emphasizes the interconnectedness of various factors affecting an individual’s health and development.

Question 2

What does the ecological perspective identify?

Answer 2

Multiple levels of the environment affecting individual development

Bronfenbrenner’s theory describes how different levels of environmental context interact and influence the individual.

Question 3

What is the continuity principle?

Answer 3

Aging is a lifelong process where later changes build on earlier experiences

It suggests that identity remains consistent despite aging; individuals feel the same internally.

Question 4

What is the survivor principle?

Answer 4

Only those who survive various threats reach old age

This principle highlights the interaction of various factors, including genetics and health behaviors.

Question 5

Define chronological age vs functional age.

Answer 5

Chronological age is a number; functional age is biological, psychological, and social age

Regular exercise can lead to a younger biological age.

Question 6

What are normative history-graded influences?

Answer 6

Events impacting all individuals of a certain age

Examples include significant historical events like the Great Depression.

Question 7

What are normative age-graded influences?

Answer 7

Events that should happen at specific ages, such as finding a partner

These influences shape expectations for life milestones.

Question 8

What are non-normative influences?

Answer 8

Unusual events that typically do not happen, such as losing a parent early

These influences can significantly impact individual development.

Question 9

What demographic changes are predicted in industrialized countries?

Answer 9

People will live longer, and fewer will be born

This trend has implications for society and healthcare systems.

Question 10

What is life span/expectancy?

Answer 10

How long a person can potentially live vs. how long they are expected to live

These concepts are important for understanding health and aging.

Question 11

What is emerging adulthood?

Answer 11

A transitional period characterized by exploration

It typically occurs between late teens and mid-20s.

Question 12

What does the identity status interview determine?

Answer 12

The degree of exploration and commitment in an individual’s identity

This tool helps assess identity development.

Question 13

What does identity process theory focus on?

Answer 13

How individuals manage identity change through assimilation and accommodation

These mechanisms help maintain a stable self-view while adapting to new information.

Question 14

What is the multiple threshold model?

Answer 14

Describes the process of identity awareness as age-related changes occur

Individuals reach thresholds where they must accommodate rather than assimilate new information.

Question 15

What does SCOM stand for?

Answer 15

Focus on areas where one has the greatest chance of success

It emphasizes compensating for limitations, such as walking instead of running.

Question 16

What is identity integration?

Answer 16

Integrating different parts of one’s identity to maintain a cohesive self-image

Life events like marriage or physical limitations can impact this process.

Question 17

What are Erikson’s challenges in adulthood?

Answer 17

Intimacy vs. isolation, generativity vs. stagnation, integrity vs. despair

These stages highlight key psychosocial conflicts faced during adulthood.

Question 18

What are executive functions?

Answer 18

Cognitive processes that include inhibition control, processing speed, and conflict resolution

These functions tend to decline with age, affecting problem-solving abilities.

Question 19

What is the theory of multiple intelligences?

Answer 19

Gardner’s theory that intelligence encompasses various dimensions

Includes traditional abilities like logical-mathematical and verbal-linguistic, as well as others like interpersonal and musical intelligence.

Question 20

What is moral reasoning?

Answer 20

The process of making decisions about right and wrong

Kohlberg’s stages describe the development of moral reasoning through various levels.

Question 21

What is multitasking?

Answer 21

The ability to attend to multiple input sources simultaneously

Multitasking can lead to reduced attention and poorer performance, especially in older adults.

Question 22

What is the three-layer model of personality?

Answer 22

Includes the social actor, motivated agent, and autobiographical author

This model outlines different dimensions contributing to personality development.

Question 23

What is the maturity principle in personality?

Answer 23

Personality tends to be stable, but maturity leads to increased conscientiousness and agreeableness

Most changes occur in young adulthood, but some can happen throughout life.

Question 24

What are coping and control strategies?

Answer 24

Ways individuals manage stress and maintain a sense of control

Includes problem-focused coping and emotion-focused coping strategies.

Question 25

How does early experience and chronic stress affect adult health?

Answer 25

Leads to higher chronic stress and influences behavior and mental health

The Neuroimmune hypothesis suggests that early stress impacts immune function and stress responses.

Question 26

What does the wheel of privilege illustrate?

Answer 26

The distribution of power and privilege among individuals

Characteristics closer to the center have more power, while marginalized individuals face discrimination.

Question 27

What is social identity theory?

Answer 27

Describes the relationship between individual identity and group membership

It explores how group affiliations can define aspects of identity and self-esteem.

Question 28

What is intersectionality?

Answer 28

A multidisciplinary approach emphasizing diversity and nuanced identity representation

Focuses on how multiple marginalized categories intersect in shaping experiences.

Question 29

What is the Nordic paradox?

Answer 29

Despite high levels of equality, social inequalities have grown in Nordic countries

Examples include disparities in life expectancy and violence against women.

Question 30

What does physical development encompass?

Answer 30

Changes in appearance, body composition, mobility, and vital functions

These changes can affect an individual’s self-image and identity.

Question 31

What is photoaging?

Answer 31

The effect of sun exposure on the skin, leading to changes in appearance with age.

Photoaging includes wrinkles, pigmentation changes, and loss of skin elasticity.

Question 32

What happens to height as individuals age?

Answer 32

People generally get shorter due to loss of bone material in the vertebrae, more pronounced in women.

This height decrease is related to spinal compression.

Question 33

What is body composition?

Answer 33

Changes in the body’s shape and the decrease of fat-free mass (FFM) as people age.

This is often reflected in the body mass index (BMI).

Question 34

What is the trend of body weight in adulthood?

Answer 34

An up-side-down U-shaped trend, with weight increasing from the 20s to 50s, then declining.

This reflects changes in metabolism and body composition.

Question 35

At what age do joints begin to degenerate?

Answer 35

Around 20 to 30 years old.

This degeneration leads to reduced flexibility and can particularly affect women after 40.

Question 36

What is sarcopenia?

Answer 36

Progressive age-related loss of muscle mass and strength.

It particularly affects fast-twitch muscle fibers used in speed and strength.

Question 37

What is the leading cause of traumatic brain injury?

Answer 37

Falling.

Falls are also responsible for 95% of hip fractures.

Question 38

What are two effective exercises for fall prevention?

Answer 38

• Functional training for core muscles
• Tai Chi for balance and flexibility

These can reduce fall risk by up to 34%.

Question 39

What is the role of melatonin in sleep?

Answer 39

It regulates sleep-wake cycles by promoting sleepiness in the evening and waking the body in the morning.

Disruption of melatonin levels can lead to sleep disorders.

Question 40

What is the definition of death according to the 1981 criteria?

Answer 40

Cessation of circulatory and respiratory functions or all brain function.

The new definition emphasizes the loss of the brain’s ability to control critical functions.

Question 41

What are the primary causes of death in the EU?

Answer 41

• Heart problems
• Cancer
• Age-related factors

In Sweden, heart problems are the leading cause of death.

Question 42

What does chronotype refer to?

Answer 42

An individual’s natural preference for being active at certain times of the day.

Types include morning-type, intermediate-type, and evening-type.

Question 43

What is the old view of bereavement duration?

Answer 43

It was believed that processing grief took about a year.

The new view sees it as a multi-year process where attachment continues after death.

Question 44

What is an Advance Directive?

Answer 44

A legal document specifying a person’s end-of-life care preferences.

It includes a Living Will and Durable Power of Attorney for health care.

Question 45

What are the three criteria in Rowe & Kahn’s successful aging model?

Answer 45

• Absence of disease or disability
• High physical and cognitive capacity
• Active engagement with life

Criticism includes being overly normative and not accounting for sociocultural factors.

Question 46

What does the WHO model of successful aging emphasize?

Answer 46

Optimizing opportunities for health, participation, and security to enhance quality of life.

It considers economic, social, and personal factors.

Question 47

What is the paradox of well-being?

Answer 47

Older adults maintain high subjective well-being despite facing objective challenges.

This can include living in difficult economic conditions.

Question 48

What characterizes the old age style in creative works?

Answer 48

A special quality marked by simplicity, philosophical themes, and emotional depth.

Examples include works by artists like Michelangelo and Renoir.