Begrepp från Van Tubergen Flashcards
Sociologiskt perskektiv
Att förstå mänskligt beteende genom att placera det inom ett bredare socialt kontext
Sociala faktan/social facts
Värderingar, kulturella normer och sociala strukturer som “transcendar” individuella preferenser och utövar social kontroll
Sociala institutioner
En samling normer, värderingar och roller som organiserar samhälleiga aktiviteter. Exempelvis familj, utbildning och religion
Analys på micro-nivå
Studerandet av individer. Individers småskaleiga mönster och sociala interaktioner. Exempelvis familjer och grannskap
Analys på meso-nivå
Studerandet av mindre grupper, exempelvis en klan, en kult eller en stad
Analys på macro-nivå
Studerandet av människor i ett större perskektiv, exempelvis ett land, ett samhälle eller hela världen.
Sociala problem
Problem som på ett negativt sätt påverkar en individs “status of being” i ett samhälle. Exempelvis fattigdom, arbetslöshet och diskriminering
Empirisk forskning
En systematisk undersökning genom att experimentera och observera för att kunna samla relevant data.
Sociala fenomen
Beteenden och fenomen som uppstår genom socialt inflytande
Sociala strukturer
Organiserade mönster av sociala relationer och sociala institutioner som tillsammans utgör samhället. Exempelvis religioner, familjer, etniska grupper, hierarkier
Agency
Kapaciteten till vilket individer kan agera och självständigt göra egna val och ta egna beslut. Hur mycket man kan påverka olika saker.
Funktionalism
Ett teoretiskt ramverk som ser samhället som komplexa system vars delar arbetar tillsammans för att främja solidaritet och stabilitet. Familj, utbildning och religion bidrar till social stabilitet. DURKHEIM
Konfliktteori
Konfliktteori, som förknippas med Karl Marx , är en social teori som hävdar att samhället befinner sig i ett tillstånd av ständig konflikt på grund av konkurrens om begränsade resurser.
Symbolisk interaktionism
En teori på micro-nivå som fokuserar på relationer mellan individer inom ett samhälle.
Rational choice theory
Säger att människor använder sina själviska intressen för att göra val som leder till bästa möjliga utkomst för de själva, eller deras grupper
Feminist theory
Analys av ojämlikhet mellan könen, och främjandet av kvinnors rätt i samhället
Postmodernism
Ifrågasätter de modernistiska ideologierna och narrativen.
Social konstruktivism
Socialkonstruktionism fokuserar inte på vad människan är utan på hur vi konstruerar vårt varande i socialt samspel med andra
Middle-Range Theories
Theories that lie between the minor but necessary working hypotheses and the all-inclusive systematic efforts to develop a unified theory.
Grand Theories
Comprehensive frameworks for understanding the broad aspects of society.
Critical Theory
Philosophy that involves being critical of the prevailing view of society.
Quantitative Research
Systematic empirical investigation of observable phenomena via statistical, mathematical, or computational techniques.
Qualitative Research
Method of inquiry employed in many different academic disciplines, traditionally in the social sciences, but also in market research and further contexts.
Surveys
Research method used for collecting data from a predefined group of respondents.
Experiments
Procedure carried out to support, refute, or validate a hypothesis.
Ethnography
Systematic study of people and cultures from the point of view of the subject.
Content Analysis
Research method for studying documents and communication artifacts.
Longitudinal Studies
Observational research method in which data is gathered for the same subjects repeatedly over a period of time.
Cross-Sectional Studies
Type of observational study that analyzes data from a population at a specific point in time.
Sampling
Process of selecting a subset of individuals from a population to estimate characteristics of the whole population.
Validity and Reliability
Measures of how well a test measures what it claims to measure and the consistency of a research study or measuring test.
Structural Functionalism
Framework that sees society as a complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stability.
Social Conflict Perspective
Approach that views society as an arena of inequality that generates conflict and change.
Dramaturgical Approach
Perspective that uses the metaphor of theater to explain human behavior.
Fenomenologi
Study of structures of consciousness as experienced from the first-person point of view.
Studerandet av strukturer av medvetenhet som det upplevs från ett förstahands-perspektiv.
Ethnomethodology
Study of the methods people use for understanding and producing the social order in which they live.
Exchange Theory
Theory that social behavior is the result of an exchange process to maximize benefits and minimize costs.
Critical Race Theory
Examination of society and culture as they relate to race, law, and power.
Queer Theory
Field of critical theory that emerged in the early 1990s out of the fields of queer studies and women’s studies.
Post-Colonial Theory
Analysis of the lasting impact of colonization in former colonies.
Intersectionality
Analytical framework for understanding how aspects of a person’s social and political identities combine to create different modes of discrimination and privilege.
Beliefs
Specific ideas that people hold to be true.
Values
Culturally defined standards that serve as broad guidelines for social living.
Attitudes
Evaluations of people, objects, and ideas.
Socialization
The lifelong process of learning norms, values, and behaviors.
Primary Socialization
Early childhood learning within the family.
Secondary Socialization
Learning that occurs outside the family, such as in schools and workplaces.
Cultural Transmission
The way culture is passed from one generation to the next.
Political Socialization
The process by which individuals acquire political attitudes and opinions.
Public Opinion
The distribution of beliefs about politics and issues within a society.
Confirmation Bias
The tendency to interpret information in a way that confirms one’s existing beliefs.
Groupthink
The practice of thinking or making decisions as a group in a way that discourages creativity or individual responsibility.
Cognitive Dissonance
The mental discomfort experienced by a person who holds contradictory beliefs.
Opinion Leaders
Individuals who influence others’ opinions due to their status, knowledge, or expertise.
Individuals who influence others’ opinions due to their status, knowledge, or expertise.
The rules and expectations by which society guides individual behavior.
Formal Norms
Written laws and regulations.
Informal Norms
Unwritten societal expectations.
Social Control
Mechanisms used to regulate behavior and enforce norms.
Internalization of Norms
The process by which norms become a natural part of an individual’s personality.
Social Networks
The web of relationships and connections between individuals.
Strong Ties
Close, intimate relationships such as with family and close friends.
Weak Ties
Loosely connected acquaintances that provide valuable social capital.
Social Capital
The value derived from social relationships.
Network Density
The extent to which network members are closely interconnected.
Homophily
The tendency for people to form social connections with those who are similar to them.
Bridging Social Capital
Connections that link diverse groups.
Bonding Social Capital
Strengthening relationships within a homogenous group.
Digital Social Networks
Online platforms that facilitate social connections.
Echo Chambers
Situations where beliefs are amplified and reinforced in a closed social group.
Social Groups
Collections of individuals who interact and share common identity.
Primary Groups
Close, personal relationships (e.g., family and friends).
Secondary Groups
Larger, more impersonal groups, often task-focused (e.g., workplace).
In-groups
Groups a person identifies with.
Out-groups
Groups a person does not identify with and may feel opposition towards.
Reference Groups
Groups individuals use to evaluate themselves.
Social Influence
The impact of society and groups on an individual’s thoughts and behaviors.
Bystander Effect
The tendency for individuals to be less likely to help in a group setting.
Social Stratification
The ranking of people in a hierarchy based on access to resources.
Social Mobility
The ability to move up or down the social hierarchy.
Caste System
A social stratification system based on heredity with little mobility.
Class System
A stratification system based on economic status with greater mobility.
Intergenerational Mobility
Changes in social status across generations.
Intragenerational Mobility
Changes in social status within a person’s lifetime.
Structural Mobility
Changes in social position due to societal shifts.
Income Inequality
Disparity in income distribution among social groups.
Wealth Gap
The unequal distribution of assets among different populations.
Economic Capital
Financial assets and wealth.
Human Capital
Knowledge, skills, and education that enhance economic productivity.
Cultural Capital
Non-financial social assets, such as education, intellect, and style of speech.
Social Capital
The benefits derived from social relationships and networks.
Intersectionality
The interconnected nature of social categorizations and their impact on discrimination and privilege.
Push and Pull Factors
Conditions that drive people to leave (push) or attract them to a new location (pull).
Ethnic Enclaves
Communities where immigrants maintain their cultural traditions.
Acculturation
Cultural exchange and adaptation between immigrant groups and the dominant culture.
Social Integration
The process of immigrants becoming part of society.
Transnationalism
Maintaining connections between homeland and new country.
Industrialization
The transformation from agrarian societies to industrial economies.
Urbanization
The movement of people from rural areas to cities.
Globalization
The increasing interconnectedness of economies, cultures, and societies.
Technological Innovation
Advances that drive economic and social change.
Economic Development
The improvement of economic well-being and quality of life.
Cultural Change
The transformation of cultural norms and practices over time.
Secularization
The decline of religious influence in public and personal life.
Demographic Transition
The shift in population growth patterns over time.
Social Change
Alterations in societal structure and cultural norms.
Environmental Sustainability
Meeting present needs without compromising future generations.
Sacred vs. Profane
The distinction between religious and secular aspects of life.
Religious Institutions
Organized systems of belief and practice.
Religious Pluralism
The coexistence of multiple religious beliefs in a society.
Fundamentalism
A strict adherence to religious doctrine.
Secularization
The process of society becoming less religious.
Civil Religion
The integration of religious beliefs with national identity.
New Religious Movements
Emerging spiritual movements and belief systems.
Religious Conflict
Disputes arising from differences in religious beliefs.
Spirituality
Personal religious or existential experiences outside organized religion.
Religious Socialization
The process of learning and internalizing religious beliefs.
