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Transcription > beginnings of cellular life > Flashcards

beginnings of cellular life Flashcards

1
Q

what do amino acids polymerise into?

A

Proteins

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2
Q

What do purines and pyrimidines polymerise into?

A

Polynucleotides

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3
Q

What is the base pairing of DNA?

A

When polynucleotides directly guide the formation of exact copies of themselves?

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4
Q

What are the 4 important functions of the plasma membrane?

A
  • maintain homeostasis
    -selectively permeable
    -important in communicating with outside environment
  • aids in binding and adhering
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5
Q

what are the three terms of cell theory?

A

-cells are the fundamental units of life
-all organisms are composed of cells
-all cells come from pre-existing cells

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6
Q

who was the cell first discovered by and in what year?

A

Robert Hooke - 1665

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7
Q

Who was the first man to witness live cells and in what year?

A

Anton Van Leeuwenhoek - 1674

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8
Q

what is the smallest object a person can see?

A

one of 0.2mm [200um] in size - most cells are smaller than this

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9
Q

what is cell size limited by?

A

a cells surface area to volume ratio.

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10
Q

what is the surface area of a cell?

A

The area that interfaces with the cells environment

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11
Q

what is a cells surface area to volume ratio?

A

The total surface area divided by the volume

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12
Q

For any given shape what decreases the surface area to volume ratio?

A

increasing the volume

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13
Q

what does the volume of a cell determine?

A

How much chemical activity it can carry out per unit of time

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14
Q

what does the surface area of a cell determine?

A

the amount of substance it can take in from the external environment and how much waste material it can release into the environment

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15
Q

What do prokaryotes not have?

A

a nucleus or any other membrane bound compartments

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16
Q

what do eukaryotes have?

A

a membrane enclosed nucleus and other membrane enclosed compartments and organelles

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17
Q

what are mycoplasma?

A

Bacteria that lack a cell wall

18
Q

What does lacking a cell wall mean for some bacteria?

A

They’re unaffected by some antibiotics such as penicillin

19
Q

what is the function of Pili?

A

To help prokaryotic cells to adhere to one and other during the exchange of genetic material and to animal cells for protection or food

20
Q

what are endospores?

A

compartments which are resistant to environmental stresses such as high or low temperature or drought

21
Q

what is the nucleus responsible for?

A
  • the replication of DNA and the first steps in decoding it for protein production to take place in the nucleus
22
Q

How much of the interior volume of a cell can the ER take up?

A

10%

23
Q

what does the RER do?

A

segregates newly synthesised proteins away from the cytoplasm and transports them to other areas of the cell

24
Q

What can be achieved whilst the proteins are inside of the RER?

A

they can be chemically modified to alter the function and destination

25
Q

what are the two apparent differences between the RER and SER?

A
  • more tubular than the RER
    -lack ribosomes on the outside
26
Q

what is the SER responsible for?

A

-the modification of small molecules taken into the cell- drugs

27
Q

what does the SER in animal cells do to glycogen?

A

hydrolyses them

28
Q

what are the two sites where ribosomes are found in Eukaryotic cells?

A
  • the cytoplasm where they may be free or attached to the surface of the endoplasmic reticulum
    -inside the mitochondria or chloroplasts
29
Q

what happens in ribosomes?

A

Protein synthesis

30
Q

what is the Golgi apparatus made up of?

A

flattened membrane sacs called cistarnae

31
Q

what does the GA do?

A
  • receives proteins from the RER and may further modify them
    -concentrates, packages and sorts proteins before sending them to their final destination
32
Q

what is the GA the site of?

A

the synthesis of polysaccharides for cell walls

33
Q

what are lysosomes?

A

-vesicles containing digestive enzymes that come in part of the golgi

34
Q

what are lysosomes the site of?

A

the breakdown of food and foreign material brought into the cell by phagocytosis

35
Q

what is Autophagy?

A

the process in which spent cellular components are digested

36
Q

whats special about mitochondria?

A

they have their very own genome which is similar to bacterial genomes

37
Q

What does the mitochondria do to the energy stored in carbohydrates and fatty acids?

A

converts it into a more useful form of energy for the cell called ATP

38
Q

what is the production of ATP called?

A

ATP synthase

39
Q

How many mitochondria are there in Human and Rat hearts?

A

rats -940 Humans -650

40
Q

Name one type of plastid?

A

Chloroplasts - site of photosynthesis

Transcription (3 decks)

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